BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN'S HEALTH: MODERN ...

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..................................................................................................................ix INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION: MISSIONARY AND GENTRY ATTEMPTS AT MEDICAL EDUCATION AND REGULATION............34 CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AND CONTROL IN THE NATIONALIST ERA......................................................................72 CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET ZHUCHANSHI: MARION YANG AND THE FIRST NATIONAL MIDWIFERY SCHOOL...............116 CHAPTER FOUR. THE PROFESSIONALIZATION OF MIDWIVES IN EARLY TWENTIETH- CENTURY CHINA ...............................................173 CHAPTER FIVE. THE MOTHER AND THE MODERN: MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH IN REPUBLICAN PRINT MEDIA.......................207 CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................254 APPENDIX A. RULES GOVERNING THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE FIRST NATIONAL MIDWIFERY SCHOOL..............................................270 APPENDIX B. NATIONAL MIDWIFERY BOARD CONSTITUTION...............271 APPENDIX C. TRANSLATION OF FIGURE 5.7..................................................273 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................274 vi
LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Curriculum for the Two-Year Midwifery Course of the First National Midwifery School, Beiping, 1932-33 ..................................134 3.2 Curriculum for the Six-Month Midwifery Course of the First National Midwifery School, Beiping, 1932-33 ........................................136 3.3 Curriculum for the Six-Month Course for Graduate Nurses of the First National Midwifery School, Beiping, 1932-33..............................138 3.4 First National Midwifery School Delivery Service ..........................................154 3.5 First National Midwifery School, Morbidity and Mortality of Confined Mothers and Newborn Babies ......................................................167 3.6 First National Midwifery School Clinic Attendance, 1930-1934.....................168 vii
Page 1 and 2: BUILDING THE NATION THROUGH WOMEN
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © by Tina Phillips 2006
Page 5: family and community. This research
Page 9 and 10: PREFACE This work would have not be
Page 11 and 12: healthy, intelligent, male offsprin
Page 13 and 14: New midwives (zhuchanshi 助产士,
Page 15 and 16: traditional Chinese medical profess
Page 17 and 18: Republican and Nationalist eras (19
Page 19 and 20: the Rockefeller Foundation, one of
Page 21 and 22: unscientific jumble of superstition
Page 23 and 24: maternal and child health care cent
Page 25 and 26: uilding efforts after the fall of t
Page 27 and 28: ways, imports, Chinese medical univ
Page 29 and 30: IMPERIALISM Some have argued that W
Page 31 and 32: modern medicine as soon as it was a
Page 33 and 34: In addition to the culturally imper
Page 35 and 36: (1927-1937), the Nationalist govern
Page 37 and 38: irths were attended by untrained mi
Page 39 and 40: Communist Party’s “barefoot doc
Page 41 and 42: more important in making government
Page 43 and 44: CHAPTER ONE. LAYING THE FOUNDATION:
Page 45 and 46: Well into the twentieth century, mo
Page 47 and 48: pamphlets like Infant Care and Pren
Page 49 and 50: This ideal of aseptic births to dec
Page 51 and 52: medical beliefs. 73 Furthermore, so
Page 53 and 54: y the Rockefeller Foundation’s Ch
Page 55 and 56: named the Turner Training School fo
Page 57 and 58:
Cochrane subsequently convinced Cix
Page 59 and 60:
Medical Missionary Society. Dr. Mai
Page 61 and 62:
Hongzhang to help his struggling ho
Page 63 and 64:
clinic at the temple, I presume for
Page 65 and 66:
It later became the Beiyang Naval M
Page 67 and 68:
and college continued jointly by th
Page 69 and 70:
sent her sons to the mission school
Page 71 and 72:
nationalist reforms. A group of Nan
Page 73 and 74:
College for Women in Peking (establ
Page 75 and 76:
medical colleges with a national st
Page 77 and 78:
critical of the quality of the Chin
Page 79 and 80:
Boxer indemnity money that the Unit
Page 81 and 82:
CHAPTER TWO. MIDWIFERY EDUCATION AN
Page 83 and 84:
authority that had previously been
Page 85 and 86:
After the start of the Nationalist
Page 87 and 88:
schools. The 28 medical schools in
Page 89 and 90:
crisis in maternal and child health
Page 91 and 92:
the only course for China to take i
Page 93 and 94:
The maternity ward practice grouped
Page 95 and 96:
was established for nurses to recei
Page 97 and 98:
Department of Education in 1931. Du
Page 99 and 100:
Furthermore, it was hard to get qua
Page 101 and 102:
were established for each 50,000 pe
Page 103 and 104:
Health Administration offered a gra
Page 105 and 106:
Chen did institute successful progr
Page 107 and 108:
February 1936, they surveyed 1,000
Page 109 and 110:
as “Maternity and Child Health He
Page 111 and 112:
卫生模范区) was begun in 1927
Page 113 and 114:
1930s, the following schools were e
Page 115 and 116:
midwife or physician in attendance,
Page 117 and 118:
in a “foreign style” and funded
Page 119 and 120:
and controlled by the state. As soo
Page 121 and 122:
standards or else shut them down. A
Page 123 and 124:
6. If, after a birth, there is bloo
Page 125 and 126:
CHAPTER THREE. THE JIESHENGPO MEET
Page 127 and 128:
physicians. Thus, Marion Yang’s m
Page 129 and 130:
Hopkins served as the model for med
Page 131 and 132:
third wife and came from a rich fam
Page 133 and 134:
However, Yang was drawn to the plig
Page 135 and 136:
During the next section (January to
Page 137 and 138:
addition, Beiping would be the muni
Page 139 and 140:
$67,608, of which $38,080 was suppl
Page 141 and 142:
course schools” throughout China.
Page 143 and 144:
Table 3.1: Curriculum for the Two-Y
Page 145 and 146:
Table 3.2: Curriculum for the Six-M
Page 147 and 148:
The first class opened in July 1931
Page 149 and 150:
“poor theoretical instruction.”
Page 151 and 152:
sessions given by an obstetrician o
Page 153 and 154:
Buddhist” contributed $1,000 to t
Page 155 and 156:
school wished to train them in fill
Page 157 and 158:
in the city, undertaking periodical
Page 159 and 160:
efresher courses each for local mod
Page 161 and 162:
conditions.” 382 Furthermore, the
Page 163 and 164:
educational visits to instruct moth
Page 165 and 166:
section. They accompanied the atten
Page 167 and 168:
of discharge from the hospital, one
Page 169 and 170:
Midwifery School and a key player i
Page 171 and 172:
November 25-December 8), Zhangzhou
Page 173 and 174:
Suiyuan 3 Hebei 50 Shaanxi 3 Shando
Page 175 and 176:
deaths. At the hospital that year,
Page 177 and 178:
New Cases Return Visits Table 3.6:
Page 179 and 180:
However, the largest number of wome
Page 181 and 182:
Marion Yang and the First National
Page 183 and 184:
egistration of births. In this way,
Page 185 and 186:
In his book on professionals in Rep
Page 187 and 188:
three-quarters of the profession, b
Page 189 and 190:
MEDICAL PROFESSIONALIZATION IN CHIN
Page 191 and 192:
applied their organizational struct
Page 193 and 194:
participate in any scheme which pre
Page 195 and 196:
THE CHINA MEDICAL BOARD AND PEKING
Page 197 and 198:
health policy. In fact, in the 1930
Page 199 and 200:
future, since one-third of present
Page 201 and 202:
Local midwifery organizations could
Page 203 and 204:
supported career woman. Several con
Page 205 and 206:
Bethel trained nurse-evangelists to
Page 207 and 208:
Mission Hospital of Nanjing. She ta
Page 209 and 210:
Field Health Station and the FNMS,
Page 211 and 212:
pharmaceutics. According to Peabody
Page 213 and 214:
social standing in their community.
Page 215 and 216:
leaders penned treatises on the imp
Page 217 and 218:
traditional Chinese and/or scientif
Page 219 and 220:
the rate was probably higher in urb
Page 221 and 222:
Ono Kazuko’s translation reads,
Page 223 and 224:
therefore they had less life- and s
Page 225 and 226:
to oneself could be passed on to on
Page 227 and 228:
give the fetus favorable emotional
Page 229 and 230:
weak nations of the East, but we ca
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 5.1: Advertisement for Dr. W
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 5.2: Advertisement for Japan
Page 235 and 236:
major impact on health policy and a
Page 237 and 238:
and hat. She has the images and doc
Page 239 and 240:
Figure 5.5: Monthly position of pre
Page 241 and 242:
we can see in Figure 5.6 a clothesl
Page 243 and 244:
A similar organization in Changsha,
Page 245 and 246:
Articles about these clubs in Weste
Page 247 and 248:
we can see a struggle not just over
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 5.8: Tuqiang Advanced Midwif
Page 251 and 252:
Along with images of people, these
Page 253 and 254:
Figure 5.10: Guangzhou Municipal Ho
Page 255 and 256:
MODERN CURRICULA The curricula that
Page 257 and 258:
- Simpson’s straight perforator -
Page 259 and 260:
wonders how a jieshengpo could have
Page 261 and 262:
elieve pregnancy discomfort. Furthe
Page 263 and 264:
CONCLUSION Childbirth in China unde
Page 265 and 266:
often moved around for jobs or took
Page 267 and 268:
My research ends in 1937 at the Jap
Page 269 and 270:
1941, she helped to establish Sichu
Page 271 and 272:
centers that included maternal and
Page 273 and 274:
those trained were midwives or “y
Page 275 and 276:
all women go to hospitals to have t
Page 277 and 278:
examinations, supine position, and
Page 279 and 280:
APPENDIX A RULES GOVERNING THE ADMI
Page 281 and 282:
d. Make investigation into existing
Page 283 and 284:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbot, Andrew. The Sys
Page 285 and 286:
"Bulletin of the Hackett Medical Co
Page 287 and 288:
Franklin, Sarah. "Postmodern Procre
Page 289 and 290:
Ingram, Ruth. "Midwifery Training,"
Page 291 and 292:
Maxwell, J. Preston. “Scheme for
Page 293 and 294:
Rogaski, Ruth. "Hygenic Modernity i
Page 295 and 296:
Verdery, Katherine. "From Parent-St
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