Essays on Writing and Language in Honor - Sino-Platonic Papers

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Sino-Platonic Papers, 27 (August 3 1, 199 1) how to reply. For example, in the case of all three he can indicate an affirmative response by answering with a positive form of the verb, as in (4a), or he can indicate a negative response with a negative fonn of the verb, as in (4b). 4a. Wo qu. 1 st person-go I'm going. 4b. Wo bu qu. 1 st person-NEG-go I'm not going. However, as noted by Zhu (1984:203), the intonation + MA and intonation-only patterns differ from A-not-A questions in that the former two allow for the affirmative and negative responses illustrated in (5a) through (5d) below, whereas A-not-A questions do not. 5a. Dui. correct Correct . 5b. Shi. be It is so. 5c. Bu dui. NEG-correct Incorrect. 5d. Bu shi. NEG-be It is not so. The reason provided by Zhu for why A-not-A questions behave somewhat differently from intonation + MA and intonation-only questions is that A-not-A questions explicitly limit the listener to a simple choice between A and its opposite. This type of yes-no question, then, is disjunctive . The latter two patterns, on the other hand, are somewhat more open-ended, failing to state outright that the listener is limited to just those two choices. As discussed by McGinnis (1990), however, inspite of Zhu's observations about the
Schn'ftfestschrifi: &say in Honor of John &Francis somewhat different syntactic nature of A-not-A questions, there exists a body of convincing historical and synchronic evidence which argues in favor of lumping all three patterns together under the same functional heading. For instance, historical work by Huang (1986) and Liu (1988) show that the interrogative particle MA is actually derived from the A-not-A pattern illustrated by (lb), through a process in which the sentence-final NEG-V constituent was first reduced to a bare NEG, and then that NEG was itself phonetically reduced to the status of a sentence-final particle. Also, acoustic work by Shen (1989) shows that both intonation + particle and intonation- only questions (which she calls echo questions) do not differ from one another in terms of their repective intonation patterns. Finally, in the patterning of the Taipei and Peking data contained within this study, it will be seen that there exist good statistical reasons for treating the three as if they were semantically equivalent. One frequent observation in the literature on Chinese interrogatives which argues against categorizing all three patterns under the same functional heading involves the issue of speaker presupposition at the time which the question is asked. Based on the discussion in McGinnis (1990) we shall see that the question of speaker presupposition is not necessarily determined by the sentence structure itself, but is rather determined by extra-linguistic factors. He notes that there is almost universal agreement among scholars that when the intonation + MA question or the intonation- only question is stated using a negative verb, there exists a strong presupposition on the part of the speaker that the correct response ought to be given either in the affirmative form illustrated by (4a), or in the negative forms illustrated by (5c) and (5d) respectively. When such questions contain the non-negated form of the verb, as in .(3), on the other hand, there is much less agreement among linguists as to the underlying assumptioq of the speaker. For this sentence Elliot (1964) expects the response to be either (4a), (5a) or (5b). Li & Thompson, on the other hand, expect just the opposite response, i.e. either (4b), (5c) or (5d). Resolving this apparant contradiction is Tang (1986), who maintains that depending on the context and/or the speaker's own assumption at the time of questioning, the expected response to (3) may come either from Elliott's set or from Li & Thompson's. What is important about Tang's claim for sentences like (3) is that knowledge of the speaker's presupposition does NOT come from the structure of the sentence, but rather from extra- linguistic factors. In other words, it is the context rather than the structure itself which determines the neutrality of questions like (3).
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SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 27 Augu
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Table of Contents Tabula Gratulator
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Olov B d Anderson Ivan Aymat Dayle
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S~hI7frfls~hc$: Essays</str
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Schriftfestsch~!: Essays</s
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Schrififestschrifl: Essays<
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Sino-Platortic Papers, 27 (August 3
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Schriftfestschnif: fisq in Honor of
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Schrififestschrifi: Essays<
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Schriffst~~hrifr: fi~rsays in Honor
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NOTES Schriflestschrifi: fisays in
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REFERENCES SchrIfifists~hri!j?: Ess
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Goals and Objectives for Cultural I
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A translation of the quadrisyllabic
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Number 23 24 25 26 Date 9 1/7/4 911
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