The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David. 1991. Doctors and the State: The Politics of Health Care in France and the United States. Durham: Duke University Press. Witz, Anne. 1992. Professions and Patriarchy. London: Routledge. Zola, IrvingK. 1972. ``Medicine as an Institution of Social Control.'' Sociological Review 20: 487±503.
9 The Convergence and Divergence of Modern Health Care Systems Fred Stevens Do countries at about the same stage of industrial development adopt the same approach to the organization and management of their health care system? Or are cultural heritages distinctive enough that each society fashions its own political and administrative structure? And to what extent do national and international policies affect and determine the organizational structures located in and emerging from the institution of health care? A widespread view in reflections on modern health care systems is that they are becomingincreasingly similar. This view is based on the fact that modern societies are faced with analogue problems impinging their health care organization. Most importantly are an aging population, technological developments, and risingcosts of health care. The percentage of very old people will continue to rise. With this, we see a shift in disease patterns from acute to chronic illnesses. When people are getting older, the chance that they will age in good health decreases. Combined with the growth of science and medical technology, these factors influence public expectations and demands for health care, and consequently result in higher expenditures on health care. The scope of this chapter is to review developments in health care organization of industrialized societies in the context of the current debate on health care reform, with a specific focus on the structural and cultural context of health services. We argue that the organization of health care in modern societies reflects a wide range of convergencies and divergences. This is illuminated by discussinginternational trends in health care, and some of the basic health care organization models in three regions: Europe, North America, and Asia.
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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Page 126 and 127: 110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
Page 128 and 129: 112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
Page 130 and 131: 6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
Page 132 and 133: 116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
Page 134 and 135: 118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
Page 136 and 137: 120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
Page 138 and 139: 122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
Page 140 and 141: 124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
Page 142 and 143: 7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
Page 144 and 145: 128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
Page 146 and 147: 130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
Page 148 and 149: 132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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Page 152 and 153: 136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
Page 154 and 155: 138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
Page 156 and 157: 140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
Page 158 and 159: 142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
Page 160 and 161: 8 Health Professions and Occupation
Page 162 and 163: 146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
Page 164 and 165: 148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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Page 168 and 169: 152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
Page 170 and 171: 154 Elianne Riska research has give
Page 172 and 173: 156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
Page 176 and 177: 160 Fred Stevens International nter
Page 178 and 179: 162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
Page 180 and 181: 164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
Page 182 and 183: 166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
Page 184 and 185: 168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
Page 186 and 187: 170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
Page 188 and 189: 172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
Page 190 and 191: 174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
Page 192 and 193: 176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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Page 197 and 198: The American Health Care System 181
Page 215 and 216: 11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
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Social Science and Health in Brazil
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Western Europe
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Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
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The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
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The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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The link between unemployment and h
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The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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there are also a great many occupat
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The French Paradoxes 275 since 1994
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The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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The French Paradoxes 279 as a field
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The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
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The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
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The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
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16 Medical Sociology in Germany Ola
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Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
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Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
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Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
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Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
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Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
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Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expect
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Society, Health, and Health Care in
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Russia and Eastern Europe
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The Russian Health Care Experiment
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In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
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In and Out of Communism 337 levels
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In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
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In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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In and Out of Communism 343 Funds r
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In and Out of Communism 345 of empi
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20 Transformation of the Health Car
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Transformation of the Health Care S
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21 Health and Health Care in South
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Health and Health Care in South Afr
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22 Health, Health Care, and Medical
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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