The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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286 Kristina Orfali Touraine, Alain. 1995. The Critique of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell. Veil, C. Veil-Barat. 1994. ``Sida et cancer.'' In Des infirmiers face ausida. [AIDS and Cancer in Nurses FacingAIDS]. Paris: Inserm.
16 Medical Sociology in Germany Olaf von dem Knesebeck and Johannes Siegrist The German health care system represents an approach that is located between a national health care system like the United Kingdom at one end of the spectrum and a market system at the other end (e.g. the United States). Germany is characterized by decentralized care delivered by social security agencies, and it is influenced to a large extent by two structural features, federalism and corporatism. By federalism, we mean that competencies and regulations with regard to health care are divided between the national, state, and community levels. By corporatism, we mean that health care providers and financinginstitutions act as self-administrative public institutions, most importantly the sickness funds and the physicians' associations. In this system, the government has delegated important monopolies and rights to these corporate associations (Alber 1992). Statutory sickness funds, or ``Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung,'' are the most important financinginstitutions in the German health care system. Almost 90 percent of the population is covered by statutory sickness funds. Federal regulations prescribe the range and modalities of health care provision and health financing. Health care financing is regulated in a rather complicated way. Its main contribution comes from economically active insured members and their employers (50% each). The amount of social security deduction depends on the income level of the legally insured members. Prices and modalities of health care provision in ambulatory and hospital care are negotiated between statutory sickness funds and physicians' associations. In Germany, the Association of the Free PracticingPhysicians (``KassenaÈrztliche Vereinigungen'') was successful in establishing a treatment monopoly as early as 1955. Hospital admissions largely depend on free practicing physicians' decisions as to which patients released from hospitals have to return for continued treatment. Thus, there is a clear-cut cleavage between the ambulatory and the hospital health care sector that produces many dysfunctional, cost-expanding
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
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110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
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112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
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6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
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116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
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118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
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120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
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122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
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124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
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7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
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128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
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130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
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152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
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154 Elianne Riska research has give
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156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
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160 Fred Stevens International nter
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162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
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164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
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166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
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168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
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170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
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172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
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174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
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176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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The Americas
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The American Health Care System 181
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11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
Page 251 and 252: Social Science and Health in Brazil
Page 261 and 262: Western Europe
Page 263 and 264: Medical Sociology in Great Britain
Page 279 and 280: 15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
Page 281 and 282: The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
Page 283 and 284: The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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Page 287 and 288: The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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Page 293 and 294: The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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Page 297 and 298: The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
Page 299 and 300: The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
Page 301: The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
Page 305 and 306: Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
Page 307 and 308: Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
Page 309 and 310: Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
Page 311 and 312: Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
Page 313 and 314: Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
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Page 317 and 318: Society, Health, and Health Care in
Page 335 and 336: Russia and Eastern Europe
Page 337 and 338: The Russian Health Care Experiment
Page 351 and 352: In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
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In and Out of Communism 337 levels
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In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
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In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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In and Out of Communism 343 Funds r
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In and Out of Communism 345 of empi
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20 Transformation of the Health Car
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Transformation of the Health Care S
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21 Health and Health Care in South
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Health and Health Care in South Afr
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22 Health, Health Care, and Medical
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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