The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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344 Nina Ostrowska research interest. It has been conceptualized as a sociological category ± as everyday behavior which identifies individuals' social position, aspirations and motivations, and also their structural and macrostructural determinants (Gniazdowski 1990; Ostrowska 1999). The increasingly visible deficiencies of health care directed the attention of researchers to the family as a social system that has to compensate for insufficient medical care of the chronically-ill and disabled. Frequently, researchers studied copingmechanisms and the various consequences of illness for the functioningof families (Butrym 1987; RadochonÂ ski 1987). Another interesting concern for sociological analysis was the expansion of unconventional alternative healing methods, positioned to a greater or lesser extent against official medicine and receivinggrowingcriticism (Piatkowski 1990a, 1990b). These studies also helped to penetrate the lay concepts of health and disease that existed in the Polish society (Puchalski 1994). The impulse for the development of medical sociology that came from the medical side was more oriented toward concrete problem solving. It originated amongpsychiatry and rehabilitative medicine representatives. They tend to understand better than other doctors that the life problems of their patients are equally medical and social in nature. The alliance with psychiatrists influenced the development of community psychiatry and changed mental hospitals. The collaboration of sociologist and rehabilitative medicine specialists in 1978 helped to prepare the National Report on Disability and Rehabilitation, which became an important tool for shapingsocial policy. Further studies on this subject were devoted to social attitudes toward handicapped people and structural factors causingtheir social marginalization (Rychard 1983; Gorczycka 1992; Ostrowska and Sikorska 1996). In the 1990s the impact of sociopolitical and economic transformation on the health and well-beingof the society became a concern of medical sociologists. It particularly brought attention to the consequences of ``socialist welfare state'' withdrawal and to health problems associated with poverty and unemployment (Ostrowska 1992; Bejnarowicz 1994). Also, researchers investigated subjects related to planned health care reform (Wøodarczyk 1995). The new trend toward public health is bloomingas health promotion finds many enthusiasts among Polish medical sociologists. The scientific quarterly ``Health Promotion, Social Sciences and Medicine'' has been in publication since 1994. Sociology of medicine has been inspired by general sociological theory, rather than by the specific theoretical concepts of western medical sociology. The structural-functionalist theory was most popular amongresearchers. This theory was especially attractive for eastern European societies. The Marxist emphasis on conflict could not be applied to the analysis of a socialist society, which was expected to be conflictless. Parsons's vision of cooperation, goodwill, and the mutually complementary components of a system met the ideological pattern of a socialist society in many respects. Paradoxically, in Poland there were very few medical sociology studies that could be directly derived from the traditions of Marxist sociological theory. In 1970s some empirical studies were inspired by symbolic interactionism, and in 1980s there were some analyses located within phenomenological and ethnomethodological traditions. However, the majority
In and Out of Communism 345 of empirical studies tended to neglect theory, or to use it only to a limited degree. Mainly due to financial reasons, in the 1990s medical sociology became increasingly institutionalized within medicine rather than sociology. Because of this, the de-theorizing of medical sociology became progressively worse. References Bejnarowicz, Janusz. 1994. ``Zmiany stanu zdrowia i jego uwarunkowan. Wyzwania dla promocji zdrowia.'' [``Changes of Health Status and its Determinants. Challenges for Health Promotion'']. Promocja Zdrowia. Nauki Spoøeczne i Medycyna, 1±2. Beskid, Lidia. 1997. ``Potoczne oceny poziomu _zycia.'' [``Common Evaluations of Living Conditions'']. In H. DomanÂ ski and A. Rychard (eds.), Elementy nowego øadu. Warsaw: IFiS PAN. Bizon, Zdzisøaw. 1976. ``Adaptation Patterns of the Medical System and Social Change.'' In M. Sokoøowska, J. Holowka, and A. Ostrowska (eds.), Health, Medicine, Society. Warsaw, Dordrecht: PWN and D. Reider PublishingCompany. Butrym, Zofia. 1987. Funkcjonowanie rodziny a choroba. [Illness and Family Functioning]. Lublin: Akademia Medyczna. Cockerham, William C. and Antonina Ostrowska. 1999. Changes in Health Lifestyles. The Transition out of Communism in Poland. Paper presented at the World Congress of International Institute of Sociology, Tel Aviv. Firkowska-Mankiewicz, Anna et al. 1990. ``Ideology ± Politics ± Health: A View from Poland.'' Health Promotion International 5. Gniazdowski, Andrzej. 1990. Zachowania zdrowotne. [Health Behavior]. Lodz: Instytut Medycyny Pracy. Gorczycka, Ewa. 1992. Polityka spoøeczna wobec osoÂ øb niepelnosprawnych. [Social Policy Towards Disabled People]. Czestochowa: Politechnika Czestochowska. Halik, Janusz. 1988. ``Rola kontaktoÂ w nieformalnychw korzystaniu ze sÂwiadczenÂ Warszawskiej søuzby zdrowia.'' [``The Role of Informal Contacts in the use of Warsaw Health Care Services'']. In J. Kostrzewski and J. KopczynÂ []ski (eds.), Perspektywy zdrowotne Polski. Wroclaw: Ossolineum. Kirschner, Henryk and Janusz KopczynÂ ski.1999. Aktualne problemy zdrowotne. Zagro_zenia i szanse. [Present Health Problems. Threats and Chances]. Warsaw: IGNIS. KopczynÂ ski, Janusz and Janusz Halik. 1997. ``Zdrowie ludnosci i jego ochrona.'' [``Health of Population and Health Care'']. In SpoøeczenÂ stwo polskie w latach 1989±96. Warsaw: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Marody, Mira. 1996. Oswajanie rzeczywistosci. MieÎdzy realnym socjalizmem a realnaÎ demokracjaÎ. [DomesticatingReality. Between Real Socialism and Real Democracy]. Warsaw: ISS. Ostrowska, Antonina. 1975. Opinie spoøeczenÂ stwa polskiego o lekarzach i placoÂ wkach søu_zby zdrowia. [Opinions of the Polish Society About Doctors and the Health Care System]. Warsaw: Ossolineum. ÐÐ . 1980. Elementy kultury zdrowotnej spoøeczenÂ stwa polskiego. [Elements of Health Culture of the Polish Society]. Warsaw: OBOP. ÐÐ . 1992. ``Sytuacja spoøeczno-ekonomiczna a stan zdrowia.'' [``Socio-Economic Conditions and Health'']. In L. Beskid (ed.), Warunki zycia i kondycja PolakoÂ w na poczaÎtkuzmian systemowych. Warsaw: IFiS PAN. ÐÐ . 1999. Styl _zycia a zdrowie. Z zagadnien promocji zdrowia. [Lifestyle and Health. From the Health Promotion Issues]. Warsaw: IFiS PAN.
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
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110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
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112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
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6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
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116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
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118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
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120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
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122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
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124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
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7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
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128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
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130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
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152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
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154 Elianne Riska research has give
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156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
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160 Fred Stevens International nter
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162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
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164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
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166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
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168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
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170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
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172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
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174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
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176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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The Americas
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The American Health Care System 181
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11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
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Social Science and Health in Brazil
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Western Europe
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Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
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The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
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The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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The link between unemployment and h
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The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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there are also a great many occupat
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The French Paradoxes 275 since 1994
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The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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The French Paradoxes 279 as a field
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The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
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The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
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The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
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16 Medical Sociology in Germany Ola
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Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
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Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
Page 309 and 310: Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
Page 311 and 312: Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
Page 313 and 314: Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
Page 315 and 316: Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expect
Page 317 and 318: Society, Health, and Health Care in
Page 335 and 336: Russia and Eastern Europe
Page 337 and 338: The Russian Health Care Experiment
Page 351 and 352: In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
Page 353 and 354: In and Out of Communism 337 levels
Page 355 and 356: In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
Page 357 and 358: In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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Page 383 and 384: Health and Health Care in South Afr
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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