The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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314 OÈ rjan HemstroÈ m 2 In a demographic study of a large number of countries, it was concluded that (referringto the increase in life expectancy) `èconomic advance was not a major factor in that increase'' (Preston 1975: 244). 3 The age and sex group with best country comparability. 4 Countries with low proportions of non-manual workers (e.g. Ireland, Finland, Portugal, Spain) have relatively large proportions of people in agricultural classes. 5 Own calculations of 1990 census data, for men aged 45±59 years in 1990. Those not gainfully working were excluded, as was made by Kunst. The social class measure was the Swedish socioeconomic classification which is slightly different from the EGP scheme applied by Kunst (1997). Nevertheless, data show an increase in nonmanual work carried out also after 1980, which has been described elsewhere (Szulkin and TaÊhlin 1994). 6 Approximately 85 percent of men and 75 percent of women. 7 Lone mothers receive benefits such as housingallowance, subsidized daycare charges, and social assistance (Hobson and Takahashi 1997). 8 Measured by the Gini coefficient. Other measures given by BjoÈ rklund do not alter this picture. The same countries tend to be in the same end of the income inequality ladder, regardless of measurement type. 9 In some countries membership in political associations may be due to oppression (e.g. the former Soviet Union), and in others, membership in religious associations may be due to severe conflicts between religious parties (Northern Ireland). 10 All these countries have above 10 liters per capita alcohol consumption. 11 Thus, holding advantageous social statuses is somewhat less advantageous for women than for men since women often have to sacrifice marriage and childbearing which are related to improved survival. 12 Own translation. 13 Roemer (1985) described both Norway and Britain. 14 A note on this may be the drop in infant mortality in Sweden in the mid-1990s which is believed to stem from the advice to lay the infant on the back. 15 This is perhaps particularly interestingsince Britain widely is seen as a more unequal society than Sweden. 16 A look at figure 17.1 indicates that there was a steeper mortality decline in infant mortality that began in the first decades of the nineteenth century. 17 All are lifestyle factors known to be related to cardiovascular disease. 18 Prevention in child and maternal care centers may also have contributed to low infant mortality in Sweden. 19 BraÈnnstroÈ m mentions working-class men, although I would like to especially point at such men unmarried. 20 Data on self-reported illness in figure 17.1 also point at substantial improvements in health in ages above 65. References Ahlberg-HulteÂn, Gunnel. 1999. Psychological Demands and Decision Latitude Within Health Care Work. Stockholm: Stockholm University, Department of Psychology. Andersen, Ronald, BjoÈ rn Smedby, and Denny VaÊgeroÈ . 1999. ``Cost Containment, Solidarity, and Cautious Experimentation: Swedish Dilemmas.'' Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Meetings, Toronto, August, 1997.
Society, Health, and Health Care in Sweden 315 Anell, A. and M. Persson. 1998. `Ìnternational Comparisons of Health Care Resources: Expenditure Shared the GNP is Inadequate; Complementary Real Measures are Necessary.'' LaÈkartidningen 95: 3315±18. BjoÈ rklund, Anders. 1998. `Ìncome Distribution in Sweden: What is the Achievement of the Welfare State?'' Swedish Economic Review 5: 39±80. Blau, Peter M. 1977. Inequality and Heterogeniety: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure. New York: Free Press. BraÈnnstroÈ m, Inger. 1994. ``Livsvillkor, kulturella normer och levnadsvanor.'' [``Living Conditions, Cultural Norms, and Lifestyles'']. Socialmedicinsk tidskrift : 171±4. BraÈnnstroÈ m, Inger, L. Weinhall, L. A Ê . Persson, P. O. Wester, and S. Wall. 1993. ``Changing Social Patterns of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in a Swedish Community Intervention Programme.'' International Journal of Epidemiology 22: 1026±37. Carlson, Per. 1998. ``Self-Perceived Health in East and West Europe: Another European Health Divide.'' Social Science & Medicine 46: 1355±66. Carlsson, GoÈ sta and Ola Arvidsson. 1994. `Ìnledning.'' [`Ìntroduction'']. Pp. 11±32 in G. Carlsson and O. Arvidsson (eds.), Kampen foÈ r folkhaÈlsan: Prevention i historia och nutid. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur. Carlsson, GoÈ sta, Ola Arvidsson, Lars-Olov Bygren, and Lars WerkoÈ . 1979. Liv och haÈlsa: En kartlaÈggning av haÈlsoutvecklingen i Sverige. [Life and Health: A Mapping of Health Development in Sweden]. Stockholm: Liber FoÈ rlag. Cavelaars, AdrieÈnne. 1998. Cross-National Comparisons of Socio-Economic Differences in Health Indicators. Rotterdam: Department of Public Health, Erasmus University. Cavelaars, AdrieÈnne, Anton Kunst, J. J. M. Geurts, R. Crialesi, L. GroÈ tvedt, U. Helmert et al. 1998. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 52: 219±27. Chenet, Laurent, Merete Osler, Martin McKee, and Allan Krasnik. 1996. ``Changing Life Expectancy in the 1980s: Why Was Denmark Different from Sweden?'' Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 50: 404±7. Diderichsen, Finn. 1991. ``Health and Social Inequities in Sweden.'' Social Science & Medicine 31: 359±67. ÐÐ . 1999. ``Devolution in Swedish Health Care: Local Government Isn't Powerful Enough to Control Costs or Stop Privatisation.'' British Medical Journal 318: 1156±7.; Diderichsen, Finn and Johan Hallqvist. 1997. ``Trends in Occupational Mortality Among Middle-Aged Men in Sweden 1961±1990.'' International Journal of Epidemiology 26: 782±7. ÐÐ . 1998. ``Social Inequalities in Health: Some Methodological Considerations for the Study of Social Position and Social Context.'' Pp. 25±39 in Inequality in Health: A Swedish Perspective. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Social Research. Diderichsen, Finn, Rosmari Eliasson, Rolf A Ê . Gustafsson, Urban Janlert, and PaÈr Nygren. 1992. SamhaÈllsvetenskap, vaÊrd och omsorg, second edition. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell FoÈ rlag. Emami, Abbas. 1997. `Ìnvandrarnas haÈlsotillstaÊnd i Sverige.'' [The Health Status of Immigrants in Sweden]. Socialmedicinsk tidskrift 74: 252±7. Emslie, Carol, Kate Hunt, and Sally Macintyre. 1999. ``Gender Differences in Minor Morbidity AmongFull-Time Employees of a British University.'' Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 53: 465±75. Erikson, Robert. 1984. ``Social Class of Men, Women, and Families.'' Sociology 18: 500±14. FHI and CAN. 1997. Alkohol- och narkotikautvecklingen i Sverige. [Alcohol and Drug Development in Sweden]. Stockholm: FolkhaÈlsoinstitutet (FHI) and CentralfoÈ rbundet foÈ r alkohol- och narktikaupplysning(CAN).
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
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110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
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112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
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6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
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116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
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118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
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120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
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122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
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124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
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7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
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128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
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130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
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152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
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154 Elianne Riska research has give
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156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
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160 Fred Stevens International nter
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162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
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164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
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166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
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168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
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170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
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172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
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174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
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176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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The Americas
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The American Health Care System 181
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11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
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Social Science and Health in Brazil
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Western Europe
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Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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Page 279 and 280: 15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
Page 281 and 282: The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
Page 283 and 284: The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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Page 287 and 288: The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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Page 293 and 294: The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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Page 297 and 298: The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
Page 299 and 300: The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
Page 301 and 302: The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
Page 303 and 304: 16 Medical Sociology in Germany Ola
Page 305 and 306: Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
Page 307 and 308: Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
Page 309 and 310: Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
Page 311 and 312: Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
Page 313 and 314: Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
Page 315 and 316: Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expect
Page 317 and 318: Society, Health, and Health Care in
Page 329: Society, Health, and Health Care in
Page 335 and 336: Russia and Eastern Europe
Page 337 and 338: The Russian Health Care Experiment
Page 351 and 352: In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
Page 353 and 354: In and Out of Communism 337 levels
Page 355 and 356: In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
Page 357 and 358: In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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Page 361 and 362: In and Out of Communism 345 of empi
Page 363 and 364: 20 Transformation of the Health Car
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21 Health and Health Care in South
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Health and Health Care in South Afr
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22 Health, Health Care, and Medical
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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