The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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198 Bernice A. Pescosolido and Carol A. Boyer Ware, J. E., M. S. Bayliss, W. H. Rogers, M. Kosinski, and A. R. Tarlov. 1996. ``Differences in 4±Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems.'' Journal of the American Medical Association 276: 1039±47. Wickizer, T. M., D. Lessler, and J. Boyd-Wickizer. 1999. ``Readmissions amongChildren and Adolescents.'' American Journal of Public Health 89: 1353±8. Wilensky, G. R. and J. P. Newhouse. 1999. ``Medicare: What's Right? What's Wrong? What's Next?'' Health Affairs 18: 92±106. Zelman, W. A. 1996. The Changing Health Care Marketplace. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
11 The Evolution of Health Care in Canada: Toward Community or Corporate Control? B. Singh Bolaria and Harley D. Dickinson Health policy in Canada oscillates between preventative and curative approaches. In general, prevention and promotion are subordinate to treatment and cure, but the balance is historically variable. Policy shifts in one direction or the other are accompanied by shifts in the nature of control over, and the distribution of power within, the health care system. In the late nineteenth century, for example, we saw the professionalization, scientization, and institutionalization of the curative approach in health care. More recently, in the last decades of the twentieth century, we have begun to see a reassertion of preventative approaches and various other challenges to the dominance of modern medicine. In this chapter we outline key dimensions of the nature and organization of the Canadian health care system. We review the literature on the introduction of state hospitalization and medical care insurance programs (Medicare). We then look at current reforms initiatives and argue that they are manifestations of the struggle both for, and against, medical dominance. Health ealth Care are and Health ealth Care are Policy olicy in Canada anada Canada does not have a single health care system. Under the Canadian constitution health is an area of provincial jurisdiction. As a result, there are ten provincial and three territorial health care systems. The main policy tools available to the Federal government, to influence health care policy and service delivery, are rather blunt fiscal and budgetary mechanisms combined with whatever influence it can exert on the formation of public opinion. The federal ± provincial jurisdictional split has meant, historically, that health care reforms occur at the provincial or sub-provincial levels of government. Examples include the Saskatchewan Municipal Doctor Plans, Union Hospital arrang-
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
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110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
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112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
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6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
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116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
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118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
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120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
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122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
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124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
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7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
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128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
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130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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Page 166 and 167: 150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
Page 168 and 169: 152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
Page 170 and 171: 154 Elianne Riska research has give
Page 172 and 173: 156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
Page 174 and 175: 158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
Page 176 and 177: 160 Fred Stevens International nter
Page 178 and 179: 162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
Page 180 and 181: 164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
Page 182 and 183: 166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
Page 184 and 185: 168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
Page 186 and 187: 170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
Page 188 and 189: 172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
Page 190 and 191: 174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
Page 192 and 193: 176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
Page 195 and 196: The Americas
Page 197 and 198: The American Health Care System 181
Page 213: The American Health Care System 197
Page 217 and 218: The Evolution of Health Care in Can
Page 231 and 232: Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
Page 233 and 234: The aforementioned trend is an indi
Page 235 and 236: Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
Page 237 and 238: Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
Page 239 and 240: Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
Page 241 and 242: Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
Page 243 and 244: Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
Page 245 and 246: Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
Page 247 and 248: Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
Page 249 and 250: 13 Social Science and Health in Bra
Page 251 and 252: Social Science and Health in Brazil
Page 261 and 262: Western Europe
Page 263 and 264: Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
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The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
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The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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The link between unemployment and h
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The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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there are also a great many occupat
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The French Paradoxes 275 since 1994
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The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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The French Paradoxes 279 as a field
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The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
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The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
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The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
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16 Medical Sociology in Germany Ola
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Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
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Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
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Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
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Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
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Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
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Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expect
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Society, Health, and Health Care in
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Russia and Eastern Europe
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The Russian Health Care Experiment
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In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
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In and Out of Communism 337 levels
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In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
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In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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In and Out of Communism 343 Funds r
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In and Out of Communism 345 of empi
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20 Transformation of the Health Car
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Transformation of the Health Care S
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21 Health and Health Care in South
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Health and Health Care in South Afr
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22 Health, Health Care, and Medical
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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