The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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394 Eugene Gallagher Measured by the number of adherents in the contemporary Middle East, Islam far exceeds Judaism and Christianity. However, it is a mistake to regard the Arab world as equivalent to the domain of Islam. This view, though widely held, is wrongon two counts. First, the majority of Muslims in the world are not Arab (i.e. Arabic-speaking). Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and Indonesia all have populations that are predominantly to overwhelmingly Muslim but not Arab. Indeed, Arabs constitute much the smaller proportion ± not more than one-quarter ± of the world's Muslims. Second, some Arabs are not Muslims. Egypt, Lebanon, Iraq, and Jordan all have Christian minorities that have played an important part in earlier and recent history in the educational and professional development of the nation includingits health services. Just as Europe is predominantly but not exclusively Christian, so the Arab world is predominantly but not exclusively Muslim. Even in the Saudi Arabia ± the heartland of Islam ± there are tribal groups that were historically Christian. The he Social ocial, ,Demographic, Demographic, and Health ealth Status tatus of Arab rab Countries ountries Aggregate and mean statistics that depict the health status of the Arab world as a whole would necessarily conceal sizable variations between nations and also within single nations. Despite their heterogeneity, it can nevertheless be stated that the nations of the Arab world are developingsocieties, not industrial societies. Even the Gulf Arab nations, stretchingfrom Kuwait to Oman, although they enjoy what might be called an ``industrial level'' of wealth, are not industrial societies. They lack widespread industry and commerce; their wealth depends almost entirely on petroleum. Tables 22.1 and 22.2 convey basic information on social, demographic, and health features of Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia. These nations occupy distinctive niches within the Arab world. With 66 million people, Egypt is the most populous Arab nation; Cairo, its capital, is one of the world's largest cities and presents all the problems of density and sprawl that beset metropolitan areas throughout the Third World. Algeria and Lebanon have, since the postcolonial epoch at the end of World War II, both liberated themselves from European-French domination; both have been rent by sectarian/religious violence jeopardizingthe health and well-beingof the population as well as economic and social progress. In addition to its wealth, Saudi Arabia sees itself as the titular leader of the Islamic world because the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina are located in it. Table 22.1 sets forth important social features of the four nations. Table 22.2 deals with demographic and health features. Over and above what the sheer numbers reveal, three general comments are in order. First, these are nations with relatively high fertility rates and high population growth rates. Their growth is almost entirely due to natural increase (the excess of births over deaths) rather than migration. Their present populations are youthful, with many children and adolescents, and relatively few elderly persons. However, as the figures on life expectancy presage, the elderly component will
Table 22.1 Social characteristics of four leading nations in the Arab world: Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia Total population in millions (1998) Annual growth rate (1978±1998) Gross National Product per capita (1995) Average years of education * (1990) Females Males Adult literacy rate (1995) Algeria 30.1 2.7% $1,600 1.9 3.8 62% 70 Egypt 66.0 2.3% $790 2.3 5.0 51% 68 Lebanon 3.2 0.8% $2,660 ± ± 79% 64 Saudi Arabia 20.2 4.4% $7,040 ± ± 63% 78 The World 5,885 1.6% ± 4.5 6.6 ± 59 Notes: *refers to adult population (aged 25‡); **ratio of population ages 0±14 and 65‡ to population 15±64. Source: adapted from The World Health Report for 1998 and 1999, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Dependency ratio ** (1998)
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
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110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
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112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
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6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
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116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
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118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
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120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
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122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
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124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
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7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
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128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
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130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
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152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
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154 Elianne Riska research has give
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156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
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160 Fred Stevens International nter
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162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
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164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
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166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
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168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
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170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
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172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
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174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
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176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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The Americas
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The American Health Care System 181
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11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
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Social Science and Health in Brazil
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Western Europe
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Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
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The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
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The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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The link between unemployment and h
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The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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there are also a great many occupat
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The French Paradoxes 275 since 1994
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The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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The French Paradoxes 279 as a field
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The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
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The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
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The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
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16 Medical Sociology in Germany Ola
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Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
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Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
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Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
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Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
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Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
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Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expect
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Society, Health, and Health Care in
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Russia and Eastern Europe
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The Russian Health Care Experiment
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In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
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In and Out of Communism 337 levels
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In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
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In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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Page 457 and 458: 25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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