The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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17 Society, Health, and Health Care in Sweden OÈ rjan HemstroÈ m The epidemiologist Geoffrey Rose (1985: 34) argued that if we are to understand the incidence and prevalence of disease in a society, ``we need to study characteristics of populations, not characteristics of individuals.'' There are probably three major social determinants of population health, namely material wealth, social structure (i.e. political climate, occupational structure, social networks, health care organization), and lifestyles (behaviors), which are intimately related. In order to determine which factors may cause or prevent disease and illness, historical changes are important. Blau (1977) argued that the size and number of different population groups are important constituents of a society or a collectivity as are, changes in numbers; size also changes the social relations between groups of people. We may hypothesize that changes in social indicators may change population health, and that the share of such indicators in the population contribute to health differences between populations. Notions of ``healthy'' and ``unhealthy''societies are relevant in this respect (Qvarsell 1994; Wilkinson 1996). I will attempt a brief analysis in this area by comparingsome population characteristics of Sweden with those of other countries. This will include a description of the development of socioeconomic differences in health in Sweden, as well as a basic description of Swedish health care organization. Equality topics have been central in Swedish (and Nordic) medical sociology, and the description below is tilted toward such research (sociology in medicine). 1 Sweden has been recognized as having lower mortality than most other affluent countries (Thom et al. 1985). In 1996, Swedish men can expect to live 76.5 years, and only the male population in Japan has a higher life expectancy (77 years). The life expectancy for women in Sweden is five years above that of men (81.5 years) ± less than half a year shorter than that of women in Switzerland, France, and HongKong, and two years shorter than in Japan, as shown in table 17.1. Life expectancy may be a crude indicator of population health,
Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expectancy at birth for a selection of primarily low mortality countries in descendingorder Country and year(s) Women Country and year(s) Men Japan (1996) 83.59 Japan (1996) 77.01 Switzerland (1995±6) 81.90 Sweden (1996) 76.51 France (1995) 81.86 HongKong(1996) 76.34 HongKong(1996) 81.82 Iceland (1995±6) 76.20 Sweden (1996) 81.53 Switzerland (1995±6) 75.70 Norway (1996) 81.07 Israel (1994) 75.49 Australia (1994±6) 81.05 Norway (1996) 75.37 Canada (1992) 80.89 Cyprus (1994±5) 75.31 Italy (1994) 80.74 Australia (1994±6) 75.22 Belgium (1994) 80.61 Greece (1995) 75.02 Iceland (1995±96) 80.59 Singapore (1997) 75.00 Finland (1996) 80.52 Malta (1996) 74.94 Spain (1990±1) 80.49 Canada (1992) 74.55 Greece (1995) 80.20 The Netherlands (1995±6) 74.52 The Netherlands (1995±6) 80.20 Italy (1994) 74.34 Austria (1996) 80.19 United Kingdom (1996) 74.31 Malta (1996) 79.81 Maccau (1990±5) 74.30 Cyprus (1994±5) 79.75 Austria (1996) 73.93 Germany (1994±5) 79.72 France (1995) 73.92 United Kingdom (1996) 79.48 Belgium (1994) 73.88 Israel (1994) 79.38 Cuba (1990±5) 73.50 Maccau (1990±5) 79.30 New Zealand (1992±4) 73.44 Singapore (1997) 79.20 Spain (1990±91) 73.40 New Zealand (1992±4) 79.11 Germany (1994±5) 73.29 Luxembourg(1990±5) 79.00 Finland (1996) 73.02 USA (1995) 78.90 United Arab Emirates (1990±5) 72.90 Portugal (1995±6) 78.57 Costa Rica (1990±5) 72.89 Puerto Rico (1990±2) 78.50 Denmark (1994±5) 72.62 Slovenia (1995±6) 78.25 USA (1995) 72.50 Chile (1997) 78.10 Brunei (1990±5) 72.40 Ireland (1990±2) 77.87 Ireland (1990±2) 72.30 Denmark (1994±5) 77.82 Chile (1997) 72.13 Costa Rica (1990±5) 77.60 Luxembourg(1990±5) 72.10 Cuba (1990±5) 77.30 Panama (1995) 71.78 Czech Rep. (1996) 77.27 Portugal (1995±6) 71.27 Brunei (1990±5) 77.10 Slovenia (1995±6) 70.79 Poland (1996) 76.57 Czech Rep. (1996) 70.37 Panama (1995) 76.35 Sri Lanka (1990±5) 69.70 Slovakia (1995) 76.33 Puerto Rico (1990±2) 69.60 United Arab Emirates (1990±5) 75.30 Bosnia-Herzegovina (1990±5) 69.50 Bosnia-Herzegovina (1990±5) 75.10 Slovakia (1995) 68.40 Sri Lanka (1990±5) 74.20 Poland (1996) 68.12 Russia (1995) 71.70 Russia (1995) 58.27 Source: Demographic Yearbook 1997, table 22. New York: United Nations 1999.
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
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32 Stella Quah cultural variations
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34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
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36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
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38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
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40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
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42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
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44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
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46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
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48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
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50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
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52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
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54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
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56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
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58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
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60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
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62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
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4 Health and Social Stratification
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66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
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68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
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70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
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72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
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74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
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76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
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78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
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80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality
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84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
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86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
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88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
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90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
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92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
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5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
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96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
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98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
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100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
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104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
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106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
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108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
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110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
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112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
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6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
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116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
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118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
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120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
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122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
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124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
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7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
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128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
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130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
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152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
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154 Elianne Riska research has give
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156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
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160 Fred Stevens International nter
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162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
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164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
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166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
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168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
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170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
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172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
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174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
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176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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The Americas
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The American Health Care System 181
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11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
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Social Science and Health in Brazil
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Western Europe
Page 263 and 264: Medical Sociology in Great Britain
Page 279 and 280: 15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
Page 281 and 282: The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
Page 283 and 284: The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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Page 299 and 300: The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
Page 301 and 302: The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
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Page 305 and 306: Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
Page 307 and 308: Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
Page 309 and 310: Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
Page 311 and 312: Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
Page 313: Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
Page 317 and 318: Society, Health, and Health Care in
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Page 337 and 338: The Russian Health Care Experiment
Page 351 and 352: In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
Page 353 and 354: In and Out of Communism 337 levels
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Transformation of the Health Care S
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21 Health and Health Care in South
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Health and Health Care in South Afr
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22 Health, Health Care, and Medical
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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