The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology

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82 Eero Lahelma Table 4.4 Mortality for manual vs. non-manual men aged 45±56 in nine European countries Mortality ratio: manual vs. non-manual France 1.71 Finland 1.53 England/ Wales 1.44 Sweden 1.41 Spain 1.37 Italy 1.35 Norway 1.34 Switzerland 1.34 Denmark 1.33 Source: Mackenbach et al. 1997. The he International nternational Evidence vidence Comparative studies allow for testingwhether similar social inequalities in ill health and death can be found in different countries, what are the differences in the social patterningof health, and how does the size of health inequalities vary between countries? Most comparative studies on health inequalities have included a limited number of countries only. One of the first comparative studies examined inequalities in limitinglong-standingillness by social class and education in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden in the early 1970s (Karisto et al. 1978). A clear gradient following the health inequalities invariance was found for each country. These Nordic results were further confirmed for the 1980s (Rahkonen et al. 1994). Another study compared educational inequalities in mortality in the 1970s in seven European countries and found again a clear gradient (Valkonen 1989). The gradient was steeper for men than for women. Largest inequalities in mortality were found for France, whereas inequalities were smallest in the Scandinavian countries. However, differences between countries were not very large. By cause of death inequalities were smallest for cancer, average for cardiovascular causes, and largest for accidents and external causes. The broadest international comparison of health inequalities so far was made by the EU WorkingGroup on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health (Mackenbach et al. 1997). The study aimed to examine health inequalities in as many European countries as possible, for mortality as well as morbidity, with special reference to the size of relative inequalities between countries. Existingdata sources from various countries were used and harmonized to be as comparable as possible. Educational inequalities for perceived health as below good could be studied in 11 countries (Mackenbach et al. 1997; Cavelaars et al. 1998b).
Health and Social Stratification 83 Accordingto Relative Index of Inequality ± a regression based measure (Mackenbach and Kunst 1997) ± the size of inequalities in perceived health varied between countries for men as well as women (figure 4.5). Gender differences in inequalities in each country were not very large. For both men and Figure 4.5 Perceived health by education in 11 European countries. Relative Index of Inequality Source: Cavelaars et al. 1998b.
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The Blackwell Companion to Medical
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BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO SOCIOLOGY T
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Copyright # Blackwell Publishers Lt
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vi Contents 9 The Convergence and D
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Contributors Masahira Anesaki, Ph.D
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x Contributors Kristina Orfali, Ph.
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xii Preface Talcott Parsons in the
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Part I Substantive Topics
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4 William C. Cockerham By the end o
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6 William C. Cockerham and physicia
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8 William C. Cockerham of the ``neg
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10 William C. Cockerham values are
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12 William C. Cockerham their treat
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14 William C. Cockerham notably the
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16 William C. Cockerham poststructu
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18 William C. Cockerham determinist
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20 William C. Cockerham Callinicos,
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22 William C. Cockerham Ritzer, Geo
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24 Stella Quah values, beliefs, and
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26 Stella Quah 1951: 11) defined cu
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28 Stella Quah that culture might e
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30 Stella Quah health status were o
Page 48 and 49: 32 Stella Quah cultural variations
Page 50 and 51: 34 Stella Quah disease. However, ``
Page 52 and 53: 36 Stella Quah amongothers. These a
Page 54 and 55: 38 Stella Quah References Adler, Sh
Page 56 and 57: 40 Stella Quah Ledesma, Rita V. 199
Page 58 and 59: 42 Stella Quah ÐÐ. 1969. People i
Page 60 and 61: 44 Sarah Nettleton sociology of emb
Page 62 and 63: 46 Sarah Nettleton particularly med
Page 64 and 65: 48 Sarah Nettleton Thus the body co
Page 66 and 67: 50 Sarah Nettleton conventional ide
Page 68 and 69: 52 Sarah Nettleton embodied social
Page 70 and 71: 54 Sarah Nettleton ``re-embodiment.
Page 72 and 73: 56 Sarah Nettleton social identity,
Page 74 and 75: 58 Sarah Nettleton More knowledge,
Page 76 and 77: 60 Sarah Nettleton undermine social
Page 78 and 79: 62 Sarah Nettleton Featherstone, M.
Page 80 and 81: 4 Health and Social Stratification
Page 82 and 83: 66 Eero Lahelma mid-seventeenth cen
Page 84 and 85: 68 Eero Lahelma evidence was obtain
Page 86 and 87: 70 Eero Lahelma between countries.
Page 88 and 89: 72 Eero Lahelma Occupational Classi
Page 90 and 91: 74 Eero Lahelma live in families, h
Page 92 and 93: 76 Eero Lahelma Table 4.2 ``Hard''
Page 94 and 95: 78 Eero Lahelma Figure 4.3 Summary
Page 96 and 97: 80 Eero Lahelma Table 4.3 Age-adjus
Page 100 and 101: 84 Eero Lahelma women there was a t
Page 102 and 103: 86 Eero Lahelma largely accounts fo
Page 104 and 105: 88 Eero Lahelma inequalities show a
Page 106 and 107: 90 Eero Lahelma Cavelaars, AdrieÈn
Page 108 and 109: 92 Eero Lahelma distribution of hea
Page 110 and 111: 5 From Women's Health to a Gender A
Page 112 and 113: 96 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas the
Page 114 and 115: 98 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Thi
Page 116 and 117: 100 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
Page 118 and 119: 102 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas th
Page 120 and 121: 104 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas 4
Page 122 and 123: 106 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ge
Page 124 and 125: 108 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Am
Page 126 and 127: 110 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ar
Page 128 and 129: 112 Sara Arber and Hilary Thomas Ma
Page 130 and 131: 6 Work Stress and Health Johannes S
Page 132 and 133: 116 Johannes Siegrist terms of soci
Page 134 and 135: 118 Johannes Siegrist high psycholo
Page 136 and 137: 120 Johannes Siegrist Of the ten pr
Page 138 and 139: 122 Johannes Siegrist stronger in m
Page 140 and 141: 124 Johannes Siegrist Edwards, J. R
Page 142 and 143: 7 Migration, Health, and Stress Jud
Page 144 and 145: 128 Judith T. Shuval 1989; Hammar 1
Page 146 and 147: 130 Judith T. Shuval (personal skil
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132 Judith T. Shuval But when migra
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134 Judith T. Shuval they are to en
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136 Judith T. Shuval adaptive funct
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138 Judith T. Shuval The prevailing
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140 Judith T. Shuval large numbers
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142 Judith T. Shuval Kritz, M. M.,
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8 Health Professions and Occupation
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146 Elianne Riska of its expertise
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148 Elianne Riska Figure 8.1 Theore
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150 Elianne Riska vanguard that wil
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152 Elianne Riska The body is seen
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154 Elianne Riska research has give
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156 Elianne Riska Fisher, Sue. 1986
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158 Elianne Riska Wilsford, David.
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160 Fred Stevens International nter
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162 Fred Stevens accessible for eve
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164 Fred Stevens provision of healt
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166 Fred Stevens actors: the medica
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168 Fred Stevens second-level hospi
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170 Fred Stevens issues of health a
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172 Fred Stevens in southern Europe
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174 Fred Stevens countries seem to
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176 Fred Stevens Selznick, Philip.
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The Americas
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The American Health Care System 181
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11 The Evolution of Health Care in
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The Evolution of Health Care in Can
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 215 thi
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The aforementioned trend is an indi
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 219 poo
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 221 on
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 223 bee
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 225 Add
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 227 Bro
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 229 Ð
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Medical Sociology in Mexico 231 Ð
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13 Social Science and Health in Bra
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Social Science and Health in Brazil
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Western Europe
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Medical Sociology in Great Britain
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15 The French Paradoxes Kristina Or
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The French Paradoxes 265 Conditions
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The French Paradoxes 267 clearly th
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The link between unemployment and h
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The French Paradoxes 271 of deaths
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there are also a great many occupat
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The French Paradoxes 275 since 1994
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The French Paradoxes 277 care insti
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The French Paradoxes 279 as a field
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The French Paradoxes 281 3 Active l
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The French Paradoxes 283 CREDOC. 19
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The French Paradoxes 285 Orfali, Kr
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16 Medical Sociology in Germany Ola
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Medical Sociology in Germany 289 al
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Medical Sociology in Germany 291 pr
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Medical Sociology in Germany 293 co
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Medical Sociology in Germany 295 Cl
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Medical Sociology in Germany 297 Sc
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Table 17.1 Sex-specific life expect
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Society, Health, and Health Care in
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Russia and Eastern Europe
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The Russian Health Care Experiment
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In and Out of Communism 335 resourc
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In and Out of Communism 337 levels
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In and Out of Communism 339 fat ros
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In and Out of Communism 341 associa
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In and Out of Communism 343 Funds r
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In and Out of Communism 345 of empi
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20 Transformation of the Health Car
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Transformation of the Health Care S
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21 Health and Health Care in South
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Health and Health Care in South Afr
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22 Health, Health Care, and Medical
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Table 22.1 Social characteristics o
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Health, Health Care, and Medical Ed
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Health and Health Care in Israel 41
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Table 23.1 Health status of immigra
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healthy'' or ``health is most impor
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24 Medicine and Health Care in Aust
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Medicine and Health Care in Austral
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25 Health, Illness, and Health Poli
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Health, Illness, and Health Policy
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Transformation of Health Care in th
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Abbott, Andrew, 149 Abbott, Pamela,
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Arvidsson, Ola, 311, 313 asbestos,
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health services to ethnic groups, 1
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Chu, K., 188 Chu, Li, 461 church, s
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professional home care, 172 smoking
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and culture, 26 health status in Au
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inequalities in life expectancy, 10
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government involvement, 163, 164±9
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Hull, D., 131 Human Genome Project,
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job stress, 104, 114±23 Johanet, G
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United States, 101, 300, 430 life s
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symbolic interaction, 8 United Stat
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Israel, 413, 414 Jordan, 407 moveme
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poverty Africa, 370 Brazil, 235±6
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Sanborn, K. O., 31 Sandbach, F. R.,
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Britain, 247, 248 culture, 23, 25,
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Tetelboin, Carolina, 222 Thailand,
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water pollution, 350 Watson, J., 51
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