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Trends Figure 1: Activity rates forecasts percentage percentage 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Table 9: Employment rates (age 55-64) Males characteristic, mostly due to the low participation of Italian older workers to the labour market and the low employment rates in this age group (see the previous subsections). The period 2000-2001 experienced a slight fall in the unemployment rate (0.1 percentage points), following the upward trend recorded in the 1990s. It should, however, be noted that the decrease in the unemployment rate: • is the result of a number of components, as can be detected when broken down by gender; the fall is in fact due only to the female component, whereas unemployment among males increased; • is less than the fall in the European average for the same period, with the differential progressively narrowing. As for the numbers withdrawing from the labour market for longterm sickness and disabilities, the phenomenon has to be perceived through several scattered pieces of information. According to the Eurostat data, the number of persons of age 50-64 who were inactive in 2000 was 6,138 million, of which 2,232 were males and 118 Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review a 2001 2010 2030 2050 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 1990 1995 2000 2001 Italy — 44.7 40.9 40.4 EU — 47.0 48.0 48.6 Females Italy — 13.5 15.3 16,2 EU 23.9 25.3 28.0 29.1 Total Italy — 28.6 27,8 28.1 EU 37.0 36.0 37.8 38.8 Source: ISTAT and Eurostat b 2001 2010 2030 2050 Source: Department of General Accounts – Ministry of Treasury
Table 10: Forecasts of employment rates for the older workers 4,085 were females. In the same year, the persons over 15 who were inactive due to sickness and disability were 1,670 million, of which 598 were males and 1,073 were females. The other available piece of information is that, according to the INPDAP Yearly Report on the Welfare State 2001, in 1995 among the main reasons for retirement of the male pensioners of age 55-64, illness and invalidity accounted for 5.2% of the total. The 2002 INPDAP Report states that the number of pensions for invalidity and inability on 1 January 2001 were equal to 397,090. The dynamics of the average actual retirement age are summarised in Table 12. From 1994 to 2001 the retirement age increases progressively, although discontinuously, in line with the objectives Age 2000 2010 2020 M F Total M F Total M F Total Nat. Baseline Scenario 55-64 40.9 15.3 27.7 51,4 27.9 39.4 58.1 32 44.9 EPC-WGA 65-69 10.5 2.6 6.3 10.7 3.6 6.9 11.9 4.1 7.9 - Baseline 55-64 40.9 15.3 27.7 51.6 28 39.5 59.5 32.6 45.9 65-69 10.5 2.6 6.3 10.7 3.6 6.9 12.1 4.2 7.9 - Lisbon 55-64 40.9 15.3 27.7 53 30.6 41.5 62.6 39.4 50.9 Table 11: Unemployment rates (age 55-64) Males 65-69 10.5 2.6 6.3 11.3 4.3 7.6 12.5 4.8 8.5 1990 1995 2000 2001 Italy 1.5 3.7 4.0 4.4 EU — 7.6 6.6 - Females Italy 2 4.9 4.9 4.5 EU — 8 7.8 6.5 Total Italy 1.8 4.3 4.7 4.6 EU — 8.3 7.6 6.5 Table 12: Average actual retirement age Source: ISTAT and Eurostat Male Female Total 1994 58.8 57.4 58.4 1995 58.5 58.3 58.4 1996 58.3 56.3 57.8 1997 57.4 57.1 57.4 1998 58.8 59.3 58.9 1999 59.8 58.3 59.4 2000 59.5 58.9 59.3 2001 59.1 60.4 59.4 Source: Ministry of Welfare Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 119 Trends Source: Department for General Accounts – Ministry of Treasury of the 2002 Barcelona Council. This tendency is mostly produced by the 1992 and 1995 reforms of the pension system, especially by the tighter constraints on early retirement. The increase in the retirement age is sharper in the case of females (5.3% in the eightyear period). The measures adopted for the pension system which will show their effects in the next few years should accelerate the increase in the average working life (see the next section). Although forecasts are not easy to make, due to the co-existence, for a long transitory phase, of the pay-as-you-go with the capitalisation system, the process of increase in the retirement age should be long and gradual, and the final passage to the new regime, which makes more flexible the choice of when to retire, should provide strong incentives to postpone exit from the labour market. As for the participation in training,Table 13 contains the percentage of the population aged 55-64 participating in education and training over the four weeks prior to the survey. In spite of the increasing trend in lifelong learning recorded between 1992 and 2000 (from 0.3% to 0.9%), the percentage of older people engaged in education and training programmes remains well below the European average of 3%. The differential increases in 2001, due to the stability of the European average and the slight fall in the Italian record. The Italian situation appears to be even more distant from the EU 15 average when we consider the percentage of the population aged 55- 64 having achieved at least upper secondary education (Table 14). In spite of the notable medium-run improvement highlighted in the table, which took that percentage from 14.6 in 1992 to 21.8 in 2001, in the latter year the Italian data is still below the European average by more than 26 percentage points. The differential widens by almost 3 percentage points from 1995 to 2001. Table 13: Lifelong learning, age 55-64 1992 1995 2000 2001 Italy 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.8 EU — — 3 3 Table 14: Educational attainment, age 55-64 Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Surveys 1992 1995 2000 2001 Italy 14.6 14.9 23.6 21.8 EU 15 — 38.6 48.4 48.4 Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Surveys
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Employment & European Social Fund E
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European Employment Observatory Rev
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Table of Contents Policies Overall
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AUSTRIA The programme of the Austri
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FINLAND Essential changes to legisl
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At least one quarter of the members
Page 13 and 14:
in the event of a third and subsequ
Page 15 and 16:
of active labour-market policy, as
Page 17 and 18:
Training Networks Programme The Tra
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Subsequently, the provisions concer
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a strengthening and revitalisation
Page 23 and 24:
workers into the labour market as w
Page 25 and 26:
This reinforced targeting and resul
Page 27 and 28:
BELGIUM The Occupational Immersion
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Agreement on converting 10,000 subs
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outplacement procedure, its duratio
Page 33 and 34:
Integration agreements Another impo
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and local job and volunteering oppo
Page 37 and 38:
FINLAND Preliminary information on
Page 39 and 40:
BELGIUM Harmonisation and simplific
Page 41 and 42:
• Returning migrants Eligibility
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Playing the generation game: an ove
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workers, who have either exited the
Page 47 and 48:
e) Finland’s comprehensive approa
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Compared with the figures for 1997,
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Table 4: Activity quotas by age and
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Table 6: Length of unemployment by
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4Prospects In view of the demograph
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and is exempted from the obligation
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The Government is also addressing t
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permanente, 97-124 Desmet, R. and J
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Table 4: Breakdown by age of older
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Figure 1: Gender gap in the activit
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5: Effective and statutory r
Page 69 and 70: 3. Recent trends in policies As alr
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Labour market programmes for el
Page 73 and 74: Figure 1: Population aged 15 and ov
Page 75 and 76: Table 3: Labour market transition r
Page 77 and 78: companies. One of these projects wa
Page 79 and 80: Table 2: Projection of the economic
Page 81 and 82: Table 8: Numbers entering Early Ret
Page 83 and 84: Figure 1: Rate of access to trainin
Page 85 and 86: Germany 1 Introduction As far back
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3: Potentially economically
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5: Take-up of early-retireme
Page 91 and 92: Figure 8: Average amounts paid unde
Page 93 and 94: 64.5% (Hain/Tautz 2001: 365) withou
Page 95 and 96: Table 6: Collectively agreed workin
Page 97 and 98: Strukturbruch und Arbeitsmark-tentw
Page 99 and 100: men (Figure 3). In clear contrast w
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5: Unemployment rates, males
Page 103 and 104: More recent data, provided by Euros
Page 105 and 106: pensions retracted to normal levels
Page 107 and 108: Ireland 1. Introduction This Paper
Page 109 and 110: Table 3: Labour force trends, 1991-
Page 111 and 112: Table 4: Employment by age across s
Page 113 and 114: Occupational pensions There are als
Page 115 and 116: Italy 1. Introduction The EU offici
Page 117: Table 7: Activity rates (age 55-64)
Page 121 and 122: should take the territorial imbalan
Page 123 and 124: 2. Statistical Data 5 Number of pen
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 Measures to encourage older wor
Page 127 and 128: 6. Conclusions With regard to keepi
Page 129 and 130: level. No taxes and social premiums
Page 131 and 132: edundancy scheme by employers. The
Page 133 and 134: uittreding: early retirement) schem
Page 135 and 136: Figure 4: Dependency and ageing ind
Page 137 and 138: Figure 8: Percentage of working age
Page 139 and 140: Figure 11: Average age of workers l
Page 141 and 142: Figure 2: percentage change between
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4: Figure 5: 25 20 15 10 0 -
Page 145 and 146: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figu
Page 147 and 148: However, this measure does not cove
Page 149 and 150: Table 1(a): Employment rate, men, 5
Page 151 and 152: Figure 3(b): Main Source of income
Page 153 and 154: 4. Policies to stimulate active age
Page 155 and 156: Appendix Table A1(a): Participation
Page 157 and 158: Venta • Salg • Verkauf • Pvl
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