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Trends emanating from a single statistical source, for the older age groups of the population. 2 Before the age of 55, unemployment benefit is the most important source of income for those not working. For men older than 55, the number of unemployed increases and after old-age pensions unemployment benefit is the largest category of income. For women, unemployment remains at roughly the same level. Perhaps the most striking feature of these figures is the large number of elderly people whose main source of non-wage income is sickness benefit. Among 40-year-olds only 500 to 1,000 people per age class receive sickness benefit, with a similar pattern for both men and women. However, after the age of 50 the number of women on sickness benefit increases dramatically. Indeed this is the main source of income for women between the ages of 55 and 61. For practically all ages between 55 and 64 more people receive their main income from sickness benefit than they do from disability pensions. Thus, it is relatively uncommon that an individual leaves work directly to a disability pension. The most common path is via either unemployment or sick benefit. Among all those who do not work in these age groups, 256,000 received their main income in 1999 from a disability pension. The category “pension” includes the state pension, private pensions and those regulated by collective agreements. From the age of 59 and onwards the pension is the most important source of income for those not working. Men take up pensions slightly earlier than women. While the cross-sectional data presented in Figures 3(a) and 3(b) could be interpreted in a life-cycle perspective, it is of course of interest to observe how the various categories in these figures have varied during the last decade. Figure 3(a): Main source of income outside the labour market, men aged 40-64 in 1999. 3 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Disability pension Sick benefit Unemployed Pension The total number of newly-awarded disability pensions is at roughly the same level in 2000 as in 1990, but the number has almost halved for the 60 to 64-year-olds (see Figure 4). Moreover, there was considerable variation during the 1990s for 55 to 59-year-olds. Numbers increased up to 1993, in the wake of the severe recession of the early 1990s, but subsequently declined up to the end of the 1990s only to increase rather rapidly in 2000. Indeed the recent increase contributes largely to the total figure. We noted from the Figures 3(a) and 3(b) above that sickness benefit is an important main source of income for many older workers and particularly women in their mid-fifties. The increase in sickness benefit is probably the single most prominent labour market issue currently in Sweden and has increased dramatically since the mid 1990s. From Table 3 one can observe that even during the last four year period for which there is compatible data (1998–2001), the number of days of sickness benefit has almost doubled. The highest number of days of sickness benefit is for women in the age class 55- 59. For men, the age groups 55-59 and 60-64 show roughly the same levels. One can note appreciably higher figures for women in all the age groups presented. It can also be noted that women work predominately in the public sector. One should note that the data in Table 4 does not include the first 14 days of sickness, which is paid by the employer. As most sick periods are shorter than 14 days, the figures are appreciably higher than presented above. Statistics from the Employers Federation for Industry show a monotonic increase in the length of sickness benefit as age increases. Thus, the duration of the period of sickness benefit explains a major part of the high figures for older workers. A comparison of the declining disability pension figures and the increasing sickness benefit figures may suggest some degree of substitution from disability pensions to sickness benefit in the last decade. 0 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 2 This data comes from RAMS at Statistics Sweden and was kindly provided by Martin Lagnerö. 3 The category of unemployed also includes social assistance recipients and those in active labour market policy measures. Sickness benefit includes also those with income from work injury benefit and other payments due to illness. There are other main sources of income, such as parental leave, education grants and capital income, but these are relatively few and are not included in the figure. 150 Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review
Figure 3(b): Main Source of income outside the labour market, women age 40-64 in 1999. 5000 4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Disability pension Sick benefit Unemployed Pension 0 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 The other major sources of income for those not employed (shown in Figures 3(a) and 3(b)) are unemployment benefit and income from active labour market policy measures. The data on these measures are presented in Section 4 – policies to stimulate active ageing. 3. The policy framework There have been a number of very recent changes in both the social Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 151 Trends insurance system and labour market policy that may impact on the participation of older workers. Old-age pensions The Swedish public pension system was completely reformed in stages between 1995 and 2000. Currently there are transition arrangements and today’s pensioners are largely subject to the old system. This means that pensions will vary for various cohorts as they reach retirement age for many years to come. This article deals Figure 4: The number of newly awarded disability pensions for selected years in the last decade for the 55 to 64-year-olds by sex 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1990 1993 1999 2000 Men 55–59 Men 60–64 Women 55–59 Women 60–64 Source: The National Insurance Board
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Employment & European Social Fund E
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European Employment Observatory Rev
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Table of Contents Policies Overall
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AUSTRIA The programme of the Austri
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FINLAND Essential changes to legisl
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At least one quarter of the members
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in the event of a third and subsequ
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of active labour-market policy, as
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Training Networks Programme The Tra
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Subsequently, the provisions concer
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a strengthening and revitalisation
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workers into the labour market as w
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This reinforced targeting and resul
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BELGIUM The Occupational Immersion
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Agreement on converting 10,000 subs
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outplacement procedure, its duratio
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Integration agreements Another impo
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and local job and volunteering oppo
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FINLAND Preliminary information on
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BELGIUM Harmonisation and simplific
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• Returning migrants Eligibility
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Playing the generation game: an ove
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workers, who have either exited the
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e) Finland’s comprehensive approa
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Compared with the figures for 1997,
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Table 4: Activity quotas by age and
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Table 6: Length of unemployment by
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4Prospects In view of the demograph
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and is exempted from the obligation
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The Government is also addressing t
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permanente, 97-124 Desmet, R. and J
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Table 4: Breakdown by age of older
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Figure 1: Gender gap in the activit
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Figure 5: Effective and statutory r
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3. Recent trends in policies As alr
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3.3 Labour market programmes for el
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Figure 1: Population aged 15 and ov
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Table 3: Labour market transition r
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companies. One of these projects wa
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Table 2: Projection of the economic
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Table 8: Numbers entering Early Ret
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Figure 1: Rate of access to trainin
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Germany 1 Introduction As far back
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Figure 3: Potentially economically
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Figure 5: Take-up of early-retireme
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Figure 8: Average amounts paid unde
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64.5% (Hain/Tautz 2001: 365) withou
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Table 6: Collectively agreed workin
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Strukturbruch und Arbeitsmark-tentw
Page 99 and 100: men (Figure 3). In clear contrast w
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5: Unemployment rates, males
Page 103 and 104: More recent data, provided by Euros
Page 105 and 106: pensions retracted to normal levels
Page 107 and 108: Ireland 1. Introduction This Paper
Page 109 and 110: Table 3: Labour force trends, 1991-
Page 111 and 112: Table 4: Employment by age across s
Page 113 and 114: Occupational pensions There are als
Page 115 and 116: Italy 1. Introduction The EU offici
Page 117 and 118: Table 7: Activity rates (age 55-64)
Page 119 and 120: Table 10: Forecasts of employment r
Page 121 and 122: should take the territorial imbalan
Page 123 and 124: 2. Statistical Data 5 Number of pen
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 Measures to encourage older wor
Page 127 and 128: 6. Conclusions With regard to keepi
Page 129 and 130: level. No taxes and social premiums
Page 131 and 132: edundancy scheme by employers. The
Page 133 and 134: uittreding: early retirement) schem
Page 135 and 136: Figure 4: Dependency and ageing ind
Page 137 and 138: Figure 8: Percentage of working age
Page 139 and 140: Figure 11: Average age of workers l
Page 141 and 142: Figure 2: percentage change between
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4: Figure 5: 25 20 15 10 0 -
Page 145 and 146: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figu
Page 147 and 148: However, this measure does not cove
Page 149: Table 1(a): Employment rate, men, 5
Page 153 and 154: 4. Policies to stimulate active age
Page 155 and 156: Appendix Table A1(a): Participation
Page 157 and 158: Venta • Salg • Verkauf • Pvl
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