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Trends Figure 6: Take-up of retirement pensions by pension types 1961-2001 (Western Germany) and 1993-2001 (Germany as a whole) take-up in thousands 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1961 1963 Retirement pension owing to reduction in earning capacity (60) 2.5 Pension levels and poverty in old age Figures 7 and 8 show average monthly pensions by pension type and by sex. These two figures demonstrate the following points, inter alia: • On average, men receive much higher pensions than women, since their career histories contain fewer breaks than those of women, and they also had better paid jobs; 1965 1967 Standard retirement pension (65) Retirement pension for those with long-term insurance (63) Retirement pension for women (60) Retirement pension owing to unemployment (60) 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 • Owing to their higher earnings, West German men receive higher pensions than East German men; • In contrast, East German women receive higher pensions than West German women since they have fewer breaks in their career histories; • Persons forced to retire from working life early owing to invalidity receive very small pensions, relatively speaking; 90 Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 1985 W esternGermany Germanyas awhole Figure 7: Average amounts paid under current pensions in euro as at 31.12.2000 (old L nder) 817 614 invalidity pensions 1135 1115 661 retirement pension following employment 1987 1989 Men W omen 690 retirement owing to severe disability 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 1993 1995 1997 Source: Knuth/Kalina, 2002 (IAB employee samples 1975-1995) 1138 522 retirement pension for the long-term insured 1999 1630 2001 358 standard retirement pension at 65 Source: Bäcker et al. 2000
Figure 8: Average amounts paid under current pensions in euro as at 31.12.2000 (new L nder) 719 626 invalidity pensions 978 963 688 retirement pension following employment • Pensioners who retired early following unemployment receive very large pensions, relatively speaking, in Western Germany in particular. Most of them were able to retire early without any reduction in pension, and they frequently came from larger companies where good wages were paid; • By far the lowest pensions in Western Germany are received by those who did not retire until they were 65. Many of them could not afford to retire earlier owing to low earnings and a low level of contribution payments, sometimes because of a lengthy period of self-employment. This overview of average payments may well conceal a major imbalance. In fact, there are large groups who receive very small pensions. Under blue-collar worker pensions insurance, 22% of men and 88% of women receive less than €500 per month. Under whitecollar worker insurance, the equivalent percentages are 10.9% of men and 43.5% of women. These large numbers of small pensions could lend support to the conjecture that there is a substantial amount of poverty in old age in Germany. This supposition cannot, however, be confirmed. Actual income conditions can only be calculated on the basis of households. Only at this level can the extent to which small pensions are supplemented by the partner’s income be determined. For example, the level of dependence on income support among older people is not very high. At the end of 2001, there were 200,786 persons aged 65+ dependent on income support. Of these, 66.6% were women (Federal Statistical Office 2002). The income support rate among older people was 1.5%, as against 3.3% for the population as a whole. Among older households, the following groups in particular are poorly provided for (Bäcker et al. 2000: 306 ff.): • Former blue-collar households in which the man’s earnings were low and the woman was not economically active or was only minimally economically active; • Single women or widows from the first group; • People who were formerly self-employed, who have not built up their own retirement provision; • Immigrants who came to Germany only in middle age or later. Men W omen Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 91 730 retirement owing to severe disability 1087 671 retirement pension for the long-term insured 1092 577 standard retirement pension at 65 Trends Source: Bäcker et al. 2000 In contrast, pensioners who have assets and have several sources of income are relatively well provided for. 3 Policy The figures set out in section 2 for employment and unemployment among older workers, for pension take-up and pension levels, reflect above all the former policy of managing radical structural changes in trade and industry via the retirement of older workers from working life. The change in policy tentatively initiated in recent years owing to the demographic shift has not yet had an impact on the labour market, one reason for this being that with the introduction of partial retirement, new paths to earlier retirement from working life were opened up. In this section, we shall describe some of the main trends in the development of statutory and collectively agreed framework conditions for the employment of older workers and for their transition to retirement. 3.1 Reform of pension systems Owing to the demographic trend, in the 1990s the retirement age was raised and pension reductions were built into early retirement. The most important changes are summarised in Figure 9: • Since 2002, retirement on the grounds of unemployment with no reduction in pension has been possible only at the age of 65. However, early retirement is still possible from the age of 60, but only with a reduction in pension of 3.6% per year (a maximum of 18.6%); • As from 2005, women will no longer be able to retire on a full pension before the age of 65; • As from 2004, the severely disabled will no longer be able to retire on a full pension before the age of 63; • Since 2002, long-term insured persons have no longer been able to retire early on a full pension. Transition periods have been built into the introduction of these changes, and are indicated in Figure 9. These changes mean that
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Employment & European Social Fund E
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European Employment Observatory Rev
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Table of Contents Policies Overall
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AUSTRIA The programme of the Austri
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FINLAND Essential changes to legisl
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At least one quarter of the members
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in the event of a third and subsequ
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of active labour-market policy, as
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Training Networks Programme The Tra
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Subsequently, the provisions concer
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a strengthening and revitalisation
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workers into the labour market as w
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This reinforced targeting and resul
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BELGIUM The Occupational Immersion
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Agreement on converting 10,000 subs
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outplacement procedure, its duratio
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Integration agreements Another impo
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and local job and volunteering oppo
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FINLAND Preliminary information on
Page 39 and 40: BELGIUM Harmonisation and simplific
Page 41 and 42: • Returning migrants Eligibility
Page 43 and 44: Playing the generation game: an ove
Page 45 and 46: workers, who have either exited the
Page 47 and 48: e) Finland’s comprehensive approa
Page 49 and 50: Compared with the figures for 1997,
Page 51 and 52: Table 4: Activity quotas by age and
Page 53 and 54: Table 6: Length of unemployment by
Page 55 and 56: 4Prospects In view of the demograph
Page 57 and 58: and is exempted from the obligation
Page 59 and 60: The Government is also addressing t
Page 61 and 62: permanente, 97-124 Desmet, R. and J
Page 63 and 64: Table 4: Breakdown by age of older
Page 65 and 66: Figure 1: Gender gap in the activit
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5: Effective and statutory r
Page 69 and 70: 3. Recent trends in policies As alr
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Labour market programmes for el
Page 73 and 74: Figure 1: Population aged 15 and ov
Page 75 and 76: Table 3: Labour market transition r
Page 77 and 78: companies. One of these projects wa
Page 79 and 80: Table 2: Projection of the economic
Page 81 and 82: Table 8: Numbers entering Early Ret
Page 83 and 84: Figure 1: Rate of access to trainin
Page 85 and 86: Germany 1 Introduction As far back
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3: Potentially economically
Page 89: Figure 5: Take-up of early-retireme
Page 93 and 94: 64.5% (Hain/Tautz 2001: 365) withou
Page 95 and 96: Table 6: Collectively agreed workin
Page 97 and 98: Strukturbruch und Arbeitsmark-tentw
Page 99 and 100: men (Figure 3). In clear contrast w
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5: Unemployment rates, males
Page 103 and 104: More recent data, provided by Euros
Page 105 and 106: pensions retracted to normal levels
Page 107 and 108: Ireland 1. Introduction This Paper
Page 109 and 110: Table 3: Labour force trends, 1991-
Page 111 and 112: Table 4: Employment by age across s
Page 113 and 114: Occupational pensions There are als
Page 115 and 116: Italy 1. Introduction The EU offici
Page 117 and 118: Table 7: Activity rates (age 55-64)
Page 119 and 120: Table 10: Forecasts of employment r
Page 121 and 122: should take the territorial imbalan
Page 123 and 124: 2. Statistical Data 5 Number of pen
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 Measures to encourage older wor
Page 127 and 128: 6. Conclusions With regard to keepi
Page 129 and 130: level. No taxes and social premiums
Page 131 and 132: edundancy scheme by employers. The
Page 133 and 134: uittreding: early retirement) schem
Page 135 and 136: Figure 4: Dependency and ageing ind
Page 137 and 138: Figure 8: Percentage of working age
Page 139 and 140: Figure 11: Average age of workers l
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Figure 2: percentage change between
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Figure 4: Figure 5: 25 20 15 10 0 -
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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figu
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However, this measure does not cove
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Table 1(a): Employment rate, men, 5
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Figure 3(b): Main Source of income
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4. Policies to stimulate active age
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Appendix Table A1(a): Participation
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Venta • Salg • Verkauf • Pvl
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