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Trends Figure 1: Growth rates of the population 8 6 4 2 0 –2 –4 natural growth rate migratory growth rate effective growth rate 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Figure 2: Age structure of the Portuguese population percentage 100 80 60 40 20 0 13.8 14.0 14.2 14.5 14.7 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.2 15.5 15.4 66.8 67.1 67.4 67.6 67.8 68.0 67.9 68.2 67.7 67.9 67.6 19.4 18.8 18.4 18.0 17.5 17.3 17.0 16.8 16.7 16.6 16.0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 0–14 15–64 65e+ Figure 3: Age structure of the population of European Union countries population (2001) percentage 100 80 60 40 20 0 16.6 15.5 16.9 14.8 16.9 15 16.1 11.2 18.2 14.3 13.6 67.9 67.9 65.5 66.6 68.4 66.9 65.1 67.3 67.4 66.7 67.8 15.5 16.6 17.6 18.6 14.7 18/1 18.8 21.5 14.4 19.0 18.6 G A B DK SP FIN F IRL I L NL 64 Source: INE, New Estimates Inter Census 1991-2001 INE, Estimates of the Resident Population 2001 Source: INE, Estimates of the resident population 134 Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 16.4 67.6 16.0 17.2 64.4 18.4 P SW Source: Eurostat, Newcronos
Figure 4: Dependency and ageing indices 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Youth dependency index (0–14years) Old dependency index (>64years) Ageing index moving from a model of high birth rates and mortality rates to a model of low ones, the effective growth rate of the population has continued to be positive, due in particular to the migratory flows which have become the main component of population growth in Portugal. In fact, since 1993, the migratory growth rate is higher than the natural growth rate of the population (Figure 1). The younger population has suffered a significant decline in the last decade. Between 1991 and 2001, the population aged between 0-14 years old fell by 14.5%. At the same time the over 65 age group rose by 23.9%, passing from 13.8% of the total population in 1991 to 16.4% in 2001 (Figure 2). According to Eurostat data, which compares the structure of the Portuguese population with that of the other countries of the European Union, it is possible to conclude that Portugal is the country with the third lowest percentage of young people (16.0%) and the fourth highest percentage of individuals over 64 years of age (16.4%), (Figure 3). The changes in the relative importance of each of these age groups Figure 5: Renewal ratio of the active population 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1991 Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 135 Trends Source: INE, Estimates of the resident population in relation to the total of the population are even more significant when dependency ratios are analysed. Indeed, in 2001, and for the first time since 1991, the old age dependency ratio was higher (24.5) than that for the young (23.6), which means that for every 100 individuals in the active population there were, on average, 24.5 old individuals, and 23.6 young persons. Simultaneously, the ageing index3 increased throughout the whole decade and this trend was also especially significant in 2001 (Figure 4). Although the active population growth has remained positive since 1991, the renewal ratio of the active population4 has registered a slow downward trend since 1996 (Figure 5). The evolution of this indicator suggests that, over the years, the increase of the active population has been much more dependent on an increase in the participation of the people over the age of 55 than that of young people. The population growth projections for the next decade point to a continuation of the trends outlined above. According to a study published by the Department of Planning and Prospective of the 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 3 Number of old people for each 100 young. 4 Ratio of the populations with ages between 15 and 24 years old and between 55 and 64 years old. Source: INE, Estimates of the resident population
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Employment & European Social Fund E
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European Employment Observatory Rev
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Table of Contents Policies Overall
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AUSTRIA The programme of the Austri
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FINLAND Essential changes to legisl
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At least one quarter of the members
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in the event of a third and subsequ
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of active labour-market policy, as
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Training Networks Programme The Tra
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Subsequently, the provisions concer
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a strengthening and revitalisation
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workers into the labour market as w
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This reinforced targeting and resul
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BELGIUM The Occupational Immersion
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Agreement on converting 10,000 subs
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outplacement procedure, its duratio
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Integration agreements Another impo
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and local job and volunteering oppo
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FINLAND Preliminary information on
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BELGIUM Harmonisation and simplific
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• Returning migrants Eligibility
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Playing the generation game: an ove
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workers, who have either exited the
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e) Finland’s comprehensive approa
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Compared with the figures for 1997,
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Table 4: Activity quotas by age and
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Table 6: Length of unemployment by
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4Prospects In view of the demograph
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and is exempted from the obligation
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The Government is also addressing t
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permanente, 97-124 Desmet, R. and J
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Table 4: Breakdown by age of older
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Figure 1: Gender gap in the activit
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Figure 5: Effective and statutory r
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3. Recent trends in policies As alr
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3.3 Labour market programmes for el
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Figure 1: Population aged 15 and ov
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Table 3: Labour market transition r
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companies. One of these projects wa
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Table 2: Projection of the economic
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Table 8: Numbers entering Early Ret
Page 83 and 84: Figure 1: Rate of access to trainin
Page 85 and 86: Germany 1 Introduction As far back
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3: Potentially economically
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5: Take-up of early-retireme
Page 91 and 92: Figure 8: Average amounts paid unde
Page 93 and 94: 64.5% (Hain/Tautz 2001: 365) withou
Page 95 and 96: Table 6: Collectively agreed workin
Page 97 and 98: Strukturbruch und Arbeitsmark-tentw
Page 99 and 100: men (Figure 3). In clear contrast w
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5: Unemployment rates, males
Page 103 and 104: More recent data, provided by Euros
Page 105 and 106: pensions retracted to normal levels
Page 107 and 108: Ireland 1. Introduction This Paper
Page 109 and 110: Table 3: Labour force trends, 1991-
Page 111 and 112: Table 4: Employment by age across s
Page 113 and 114: Occupational pensions There are als
Page 115 and 116: Italy 1. Introduction The EU offici
Page 117 and 118: Table 7: Activity rates (age 55-64)
Page 119 and 120: Table 10: Forecasts of employment r
Page 121 and 122: should take the territorial imbalan
Page 123 and 124: 2. Statistical Data 5 Number of pen
Page 125 and 126: 4.2 Measures to encourage older wor
Page 127 and 128: 6. Conclusions With regard to keepi
Page 129 and 130: level. No taxes and social premiums
Page 131 and 132: edundancy scheme by employers. The
Page 133: uittreding: early retirement) schem
Page 137 and 138: Figure 8: Percentage of working age
Page 139 and 140: Figure 11: Average age of workers l
Page 141 and 142: Figure 2: percentage change between
Page 143 and 144: Figure 4: Figure 5: 25 20 15 10 0 -
Page 145 and 146: 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figu
Page 147 and 148: However, this measure does not cove
Page 149 and 150: Table 1(a): Employment rate, men, 5
Page 151 and 152: Figure 3(b): Main Source of income
Page 153 and 154: 4. Policies to stimulate active age
Page 155 and 156: Appendix Table A1(a): Participation
Page 157 and 158: Venta • Salg • Verkauf • Pvl
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