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Trends Figure 2: Average retirement age by gender in the EU 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 Males Females AU BE DE DK ES FIN FR ES IRL IT LU NL PT SE UK EU 15 are currently some way removed from reaching this target, with an average employment rate among the 55-64 age group of 38.8% in 2001. More worryingly, a significant number of countries currently fall substantially below even the average employment rate (Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy show participation rates among older workers of below 30%). On the other had, a number of countries already exceed the average of 50% aspired to for 2010 (Denmark, Sweden, Portugal and the UK). Table 1a: Total employment rate of older workers (Employed persons aged 55-64 as a share of the total population of the same age group) 1990 1995 2000 2001 AU : 30.1 28.8 28.6 BE 21.5 22.9 26.3 25.1 DE : 37.7 37.5 37.7 DK 54 49.8 55.7 58 EL 41 41 38.6 38 ES 36.9 32.4 37 39.2 EU-15 37* 36 37.8 38.8 FI 42.6 34.8 42.2 45.8 FR 30.7 29.3 29.9 31.9 IRL 38.5 39.8 45.3 46.8 IT : 28.6 27.8 28.1 LU 27.1 23.7 26.7 24.4 NL 29.6 29.3 38.2 39.6 PT 48.7 46.3 51 50.1 SE 69.2 61.7 64.9 66.8 UK 49.1 47.6 50.8 52.3 Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey Source: Raw data originating from the Labour Force Survey, Eurostat. Table 1b: Employment rate of older workers (Employed women aged 55-64 as a share of the total female population of the same age group) 1990 1995 2000 2001 AU : 18.5 17.2 17.9 BE 9.9 12.9 16.6 15.5 DE : 27.1 28.8 29.5 DK 41.5 35.9 46.6 49.7 EL 23.8 24.1 23.9 22.5 ES 18 17.5 20.1 21.8 EU-15 23.9* 25.3 28 29.1 FI 39.3 34.1 41 44.9 FR 25.1 25.4 26.3 27.8 IRL 17 19.6 27.2 28.8 IT : 13.5 15.3 16.2 LU 13.5 12.6 16.4 14 NL 15.6 18.4 26.1 28 PT 30.5 32.1 41.1 40.3 SE 64.6 59.3 62.3 64.1 UK 36.7 39.1 41.7 43.1 Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey *Note: Since the figure of 1990 is not available for the EU, we have used the 1991 figure Unemployment rates While unemployment rates among older workers have declined between 1995-2001 (see Table 2 below) and remain below the average unemployment rates on the EU labour market (6.5% as compared to 7.3% for all workers aged 15 and over and 6.5% compared to 8.5% among women aged 15 and over), these figures may well mask a significant number of “discouraged” older 44 Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review
workers, who have either exited the labour market through the early retirement or the social benefit system. Table 2a: Total unemployment rate of older workers (Persons aged 55-64) 1990 1995 2000 2001 AU*: 3.9 6.7 5.6 BE 3.6 4 3.2 3 DE 7.5 11.6 12.7 12 DK 6.1 8 4 4 EL 1.6 3.4 3.8 4.1 ES 8.2 12.3 9.8 6.3 EU-15 : 8.3 7.6 6.5 FI : 13.1 9.4 9 FR*6.5 6.5 7.3 5.8 IRL 9.5 7.7 2.5 2.6 IT 1.8 4.3 4.7 4.6 LU : : : : NL 3.8 3.5 1.9 1.5 PT 1.7 4 3.3 2.6 SE : 7.7 5.9 4.4 UK 7.3 7.6 4.5 3.3 Table 2b: Unemployment rate (Women aged 55-64) Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey 1990 1995 2000 2001 AT* : 2.9 5.9 5.2 BE 5 4.4 2.8 DE 8.9 13.7 14.2 12.8 DK 7.5 9.8 4.2 4 EL 1.6 3.4 3.8 4.1 ES 7.3 11.1 11.3 7.8 EU-15 : 8 7.8 6.5 FI : 9.9 8.8 8.6 FR* 7.2 6 7.4 6.3 IRL 9.6 8.7 2.7 IT 2 4.9 4.9 4.5 LU : : : : NL 6.3 3.2 2.1 1.1 PT : 2.6 2.6 2.7 SE : 7.9 4.6 3.9 UK 5.1 3.9 2.9 1.8 Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey *Note: In order to have figures for all years represented, we have chosen to use second quarter figures except for AT and FR which use first quarter figures Educational attainment and participation in lifelong learning When considering policies aimed at retaining or reintegrating older workers into the labour market, the skills and qualifications of each Spring 2003 | European Employment Observatory Review 45 Trends individual worker play a crucial role. Table 3 below indicates that workers in the 55-64 age group are significantly less likely to have achieved at least upper secondary education, although this varies dramatically from country to country. In Spain and Portugal, for example, only 17.3% and 8.8% respectively of the population aged 55-64 had achieved at least upper secondary education in 2001, compared to 75.7% in Germany. Although the level of educational attainment reached has been improving over time, significant differences remain. Table 3: Educational attainment (Percentage of the population aged 25-64, 55-64 having achieved at least upper secondary education) 1992 1995 2000 2001 age age age age age age age age 25-64 55-64 25-64 55-64 25-64 55-64 25-64 55-64 AU : : 68.9 51.5 76.2 62.9 77.3 63.9 BE 49.8 28.7 54.5 32.5 58.3 37.2 59.2 39.7 DE 79.9 67.0 81.2 70.0 81.3 73.9 82.5 75.7 DK 74.1 53.8 79.5 65.0 79.8 69.2 80.2 71.9 EL 36.6 17.9 42.6 20.8 51.2 26.6 51.6 27.7 ES 23.2 8.5 28.4 9.6 38.3 15.3 40.0 17.3 EU-15 : : 55.4 38.6 63.5 48.4 63.8 48.4 FI : : 66.8 38.8 73.2 50.3 73.5 50.7 FR : : 58.8 35.1 62.2 43.7 63.2 45.1 IRL 42.3 24.7 47.3 26.7 57.5 35.6 59.0 36.1 IT 33.0 14.6 35.4 14.9 45.2 23.6 43.2 21.8 LU 34.7 22.9 42.9 30.7 60.9 48.6 59.2 47.9 NL : : : : 66.1 53.5 66.9 52.2 PT 19.9 8.3 21.9 9.9 21.6 11.3 19.8 8.8 SE : : 74.1 50.9 77.2 62.9 80.5 64.9 UK 49.3 39.8 52.7 43.1 80.7 64.9 81.0 65.5 Source: Eurostat, Labour Force Survey In the light of this, access to lifelong learning at the workplace becomes a highly significant factor bearing on the continued employability of older workers. However, figures from Eurostat show that older workers are significantly less likely to participate in lifelong learning activities in the workplace, be it as a result of direct or indirect discrimination or reluctance on the part of the older worker to participate in learning activities (see Table 4). In relation to this, a Communication from the Commission on European benchmarks in education and training (COM (2002) 629 final) sets out the following targets in line with the aims of the Lisbon summit of making Europe by 2010 “the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion”. Heads of state committed themselves by 2010 to ensure that average percentage of 25-64 year olds in the EU with at least upper secondary education reaches 80% or more and to work towards a target that by 2010, the EU-average level of participation in lifelong learning should be at least 15% of the adult working age population (25-64 age group) and in no country should it be lower than 10%.
Page 1 and 2: Employment & European Social Fund E
Page 3 and 4: European Employment Observatory Rev
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Policies Overall
Page 7 and 8: AUSTRIA The programme of the Austri
Page 9 and 10: FINLAND Essential changes to legisl
Page 11 and 12: At least one quarter of the members
Page 13 and 14: in the event of a third and subsequ
Page 15 and 16: of active labour-market policy, as
Page 17 and 18: Training Networks Programme The Tra
Page 19 and 20: Subsequently, the provisions concer
Page 21 and 22: a strengthening and revitalisation
Page 23 and 24: workers into the labour market as w
Page 25 and 26: This reinforced targeting and resul
Page 27 and 28: BELGIUM The Occupational Immersion
Page 29 and 30: Agreement on converting 10,000 subs
Page 31 and 32: outplacement procedure, its duratio
Page 33 and 34: Integration agreements Another impo
Page 35 and 36: and local job and volunteering oppo
Page 37 and 38: FINLAND Preliminary information on
Page 39 and 40: BELGIUM Harmonisation and simplific
Page 41 and 42: • Returning migrants Eligibility
Page 43: Playing the generation game: an ove
Page 47 and 48: e) Finland’s comprehensive approa
Page 49 and 50: Compared with the figures for 1997,
Page 51 and 52: Table 4: Activity quotas by age and
Page 53 and 54: Table 6: Length of unemployment by
Page 55 and 56: 4Prospects In view of the demograph
Page 57 and 58: and is exempted from the obligation
Page 59 and 60: The Government is also addressing t
Page 61 and 62: permanente, 97-124 Desmet, R. and J
Page 63 and 64: Table 4: Breakdown by age of older
Page 65 and 66: Figure 1: Gender gap in the activit
Page 67 and 68: Figure 5: Effective and statutory r
Page 69 and 70: 3. Recent trends in policies As alr
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Labour market programmes for el
Page 73 and 74: Figure 1: Population aged 15 and ov
Page 75 and 76: Table 3: Labour market transition r
Page 77 and 78: companies. One of these projects wa
Page 79 and 80: Table 2: Projection of the economic
Page 81 and 82: Table 8: Numbers entering Early Ret
Page 83 and 84: Figure 1: Rate of access to trainin
Page 85 and 86: Germany 1 Introduction As far back
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3: Potentially economically
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5: Take-up of early-retireme
Page 91 and 92: Figure 8: Average amounts paid unde
Page 93 and 94: 64.5% (Hain/Tautz 2001: 365) withou
Page 95 and 96:
Table 6: Collectively agreed workin
Page 97 and 98:
Strukturbruch und Arbeitsmark-tentw
Page 99 and 100:
men (Figure 3). In clear contrast w
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 5: Unemployment rates, males
Page 103 and 104:
More recent data, provided by Euros
Page 105 and 106:
pensions retracted to normal levels
Page 107 and 108:
Ireland 1. Introduction This Paper
Page 109 and 110:
Table 3: Labour force trends, 1991-
Page 111 and 112:
Table 4: Employment by age across s
Page 113 and 114:
Occupational pensions There are als
Page 115 and 116:
Italy 1. Introduction The EU offici
Page 117 and 118:
Table 7: Activity rates (age 55-64)
Page 119 and 120:
Table 10: Forecasts of employment r
Page 121 and 122:
should take the territorial imbalan
Page 123 and 124:
2. Statistical Data 5 Number of pen
Page 125 and 126:
4.2 Measures to encourage older wor
Page 127 and 128:
6. Conclusions With regard to keepi
Page 129 and 130:
level. No taxes and social premiums
Page 131 and 132:
edundancy scheme by employers. The
Page 133 and 134:
uittreding: early retirement) schem
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 4: Dependency and ageing ind
Page 137 and 138:
Figure 8: Percentage of working age
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 11: Average age of workers l
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 2: percentage change between
Page 143 and 144:
Figure 4: Figure 5: 25 20 15 10 0 -
Page 145 and 146:
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Figu
Page 147 and 148:
However, this measure does not cove
Page 149 and 150:
Table 1(a): Employment rate, men, 5
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 3(b): Main Source of income
Page 153 and 154:
4. Policies to stimulate active age
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix Table A1(a): Participation
Page 157 and 158:
Venta • Salg • Verkauf • Pvl
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