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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics Herm
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To my wife, Sylvia and to the memor
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CONTENTS Preface/ XI 1. Introductio
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Surface Contamination Limits/592 Wa
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PREFACE The practice of radiation s
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION 1 Health physics, radi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES MECHA
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 5 In
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and at v = 0.99 c, m = 9.11 × 10
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 9 Sub
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 11 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 13 co
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 15 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17 (t
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Electrical Current: The Ampere REVI
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Solution REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIP
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 23 Ac
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V a b REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
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Elastic Collision REVIEW OF PHYSICA
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Force Time REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINC
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 31 5
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 33 Fi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 35 In
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 37 Th
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or, in terms of the loss tangent,
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where Impedance t = time after clos
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 43 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 45 A
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therefore, Matter Waves REVIEW OF P
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 49 Th
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SUMMARY REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPL
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 53 Ac
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55 2.
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 57 2.
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ATOMIC
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Bohr’s Atomic Model ATOMIC AND NU
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 63 2.
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The energy of this photon is E = hc
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 67 are
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 69 ene
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TABLE 3-1. Electronic Structure of
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 73 rad
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 75 spe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 77 whe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 79 neu
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SUMMARY ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTUR
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 83 3.1
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R ADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVITY 4
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R ADIATION SOURCES 87 Figure 4-2. T
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R ADIATION SOURCES 89 Figure 4-3. R
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R ADIATION SOURCES 91 Figure 4-4. P
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Figure 4-7. Iodine-131 transformati
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R ADIATION SOURCES 95 Since positro
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R ADIATION SOURCES 97 level of high
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R ADIATION SOURCES 99 From the defi
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R ADIATION SOURCES 101 determined b
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R ADIATION SOURCES 103 sum of the l
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R ADIATION SOURCES 105 of activity
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Solution SA 14 10 226 × 1600 yea
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and the number of radioactive atoms
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W EXAMPLE 4.8 R ADIATION SOURCES 11
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TABLE 4-2. Neptunium Series (4n +1)
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TABLE 4-4. Actinium Series (4n +3)
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R ADIATION SOURCES 117 TABLE 4-6. A
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The integrand can be changed to the
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Figure 4-14. Secular equilibrium: B
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R ADIATION SOURCES 123 of the daugh
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R ADIATION SOURCES 125 By the use o
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Expanding and collecting terms, we
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R ADIATION SOURCES 129 Figure 4-17.
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Deflector Vacuum pump External deam
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Substituting the value of r from Eq
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R ADIATION SOURCES 135 before it is
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R ADIATION SOURCES 137 4.18. What w
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R ADIATION SOURCES 139 4.43. 100-mC
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R ADIATION SOURCES 141 Report No. 1
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTE
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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TABLE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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W EXAMPLE 5.12 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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Classification TABLE 5-6. α, n Neu
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W EXAMPLE 5.14 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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since ln E =−ξ, E 0 E E 0 = e
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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where INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 During
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Solution The radiation absorbed dos
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 207 The relatio
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 209 The use of
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 211 Since one e
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 213 Figure 6-5.
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The radiation absorbed dose rate fr
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 217 Figure 6-6.
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219 TABLE 6-1. Mean Mass Stopping P
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 221 The exposur
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W Example 6.9 RADIATION DOSIMETRY 2
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 225 This calcul
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where ϕ = intensity at depth t, ϕ
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 229 Assuming th
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When we combine the constants in Eq
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Solution RADIATION DOSIMETRY 233 Ph
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 235 In most ins
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 237 first-order
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 239 Integrating
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Medical Internal Radiation Dose Met
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 243 1 Bq/cm 3 o
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W Example 6.16 RADIATION DOSIMETRY
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for 131I listed in the output data
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then the total dose to the target o
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251 TABLE 6-8. Absorbed Fractions (
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 253 which was f
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255 TABLE 6-9. S, Absorbed Dose per
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257 TABLE 6-10. S, Absorbed Dose Pe
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 259 values of S
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 261 S (kidney
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 263 and MIRD Pa
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 265 the 50-year
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TABLE 6-11. Synthetic Tissue Compos
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Solution Dn,p = The dose rate due t
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 271 6.2. An air
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 273 (a) Plot th
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 275 the averag
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 277 No. 7. Berg
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7 BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RADIATION SA
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Na + K + BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADI
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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TLC VC IC FRC IRV TV RV RV BIOLOGIC
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Capillary knot Vein BIOLOGICAL BASI
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Cell body One nerve cell Axon Nucle
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Aqueous humor Cornea Iris Lens Vitr
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Leucocytes and lymphocytes (x10 −
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TABLE 7-5. Tissue Dose Rate vs. Dis
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Birth Defects (Teratogenesis) BIOLO
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Cancer BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIAT
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Incidence Incidence General form Do
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 8 Radiation
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 339 radiati
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 341 members
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 343 is a me
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 345 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 347 by radi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 349 radiati
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Dose Coefficient RADIATION SAFETY G
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 353 appropr
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 355 The cal
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Airborne Radioactivity RADIATION SA
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 359 collisi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 361 is 1 g/
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 363 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 365 can be
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 367 total w
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 369 TABLE 8
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compartment after a time t is given
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 373 Now we
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 375 classi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 377 normal
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 379 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 381 whose c
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13 14 12 11 GI Tract 13 T RADIATION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 385 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 387 REGION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 389 The bb
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391 TABLE 8-18. Values of Absorbed
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TABLE 8-19. Summary of Dose Calcula
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TABLE 8-20. Dose Coefficients for S
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 397 nation
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and the total activity in the body
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 401 segment
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 403 where E
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TABLE 8-22. Radioisotopes That Do N
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 407 The sma
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 409 TABLE 8
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 411 Kentuck
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 413 The fra
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 415 ALI = 1
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W Example 8.10 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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W Example 8.12 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 421 Substit
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 423 64. Inf
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 425 16. Pro
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION RADI
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Gas-Filled Particle Counters HEALTH
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 431
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 433
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 435
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TABLE 9-2. Scintillating Materials
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 439
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Figure 9-10. Block diagram of a sin
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 443
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 445
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DOSE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS HEALTH P
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Response Normalized to Cs-137 10 Co
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 451
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 453
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 455
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 457
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 459
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Survey Meters: Ion Current Chambers
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W Example 9.6 HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRU
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NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS HEALTH PHYSICS
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467 TABLE 9-4. Threshold Foil React
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 469
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 471
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 473
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Count rate per unit flux 10 1 .1 .0
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- Page 494 and 495: Solution HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
- Page 496 and 497: Neutrons TABLE 9-7. Calibration Sou
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- Page 500 and 501: Accuracy HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
- Page 502 and 503: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 487
- Page 504 and 505: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 489
- Page 506 and 507: and is often expressed as a percent
- Page 508 and 509: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 493
- Page 510 and 511: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 495
- Page 512 and 513: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 497
- Page 514 and 515: W Example 9.16 What is the MDA for
- Page 516 and 517: Rearranging Eq. (9.60) and applying
- Page 518 and 519: For the data in this example: HEALT
- Page 520 and 521: Solution X = 1589 7 = 227 (Xi −
- Page 522 and 523: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 507
- Page 524 and 525: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 509
- Page 526 and 527: HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 511
- Page 528 and 529: 10 EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY BASIC
- Page 530 and 531: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 515 By th
- Page 532 and 533: W Example 10.2 EXTERNAL RADIATION S
- Page 534 and 535: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 519 Figur
- Page 536 and 537: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 521 Figur
- Page 538 and 539: Au 198 Ir 192 Cs 137 EXTERNAL RADIA
- Page 540 and 541: Dose buildup factor, B Dose buildup
- Page 544 and 545: X-Rays EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 52
- Page 546 and 547: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 531 recom
- Page 548 and 549: where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 533
- Page 550 and 551: 535 TABLE 10-4. Values for the Para
- Page 552 and 553: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 537 a sec
- Page 554 and 555: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 539 Figur
- Page 556 and 557: TABLE 10-6. Commercial Lead Sheets
- Page 558 and 559: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 543 The o
- Page 560 and 561: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 545 Dist
- Page 562 and 563: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 547 by th
- Page 564 and 565: from Eqs. (10.26a) and (10.26b) int
- Page 566 and 567: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 551 TABLE
- Page 568 and 569: Transmission 1.0 86 4 2 10 8 6 4 -1
- Page 570 and 571: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 555 to 0.
- Page 572 and 573: The required lead-equivalent leaded
- Page 574 and 575: Wpri = primary barrier weekly workl
- Page 576 and 577: where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 561
- Page 578 and 579: W = workload, Gy/wk, T = occupancy
- Page 580 and 581: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 565 Gamm
- Page 582 and 583: where Ni = number of atoms of the i
- Page 584 and 585: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 569 which
- Page 586 and 587: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 571 is fo
- Page 588 and 589: where C = cost per unit volume of t
- Page 590 and 591: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 575 for a
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 577 Calcu
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 579 per
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 581 Patte
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11 INTERNAL R ADIATION SAFETY INTER
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 585 Figur
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 587 Figur
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 589 regar
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591 TABLE 11-3. Protection Factors
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 593 the m
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 595 TABLE
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 597 the U
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 599 Figur
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 601 effec
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603 TABLE 11-7. Treatment Methods f
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 605 or ba
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 607 Figur
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Figure 11-5. Gaussian plume dispers
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TABLE 11-10. Pasquill’s Categorie
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 613 is 4
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 615 Equat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 617 In ce
- Page 634 and 635:
INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 619 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 621 Since
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W Example 11.7 INTERNAL RADIATION S
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 625 In th
- Page 642 and 643:
INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 627 (b) A
- Page 644 and 645:
INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 629 a = c
- Page 646 and 647:
INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 631 treat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 633 activ
- Page 650 and 651:
INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 635 Cohen
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 637 Repor
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CRITICALITY CRITICALITY HAZARD 12 O
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Potential energy E11 E12Em 2r Dista
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Fission Products CRITICALITY 643 Th
- Page 660 and 661:
CRITICALITY A2 = 2.35 × 10 15 1.2
- Page 662 and 663:
and will cause “fast fission.”
- Page 664 and 665:
W Example 12.3 CRITICALITY 649 Calc
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CRITICALITY 651 Making the very rea
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TABLE 12-3. Delayed Neutrons from t
- Page 670 and 671:
Power level dt t T τ then T = τ -
- Page 672 and 673:
CRITICALITY 657 TABLE 12-5. Activit
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TABLE 12-6. Minimum Critical Mass o
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SUMMARY CRITICALITY 661 a criticali
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CRITICALITY 663 12.10. The blood pl
- Page 680 and 681:
CRITICALITY 665 Knief, R. A. Nuclea
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EVALUATION OF RADIATION SAFETY MEAS
- Page 684 and 685:
Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
- Page 690 and 691:
Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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W EXAMPLE 13.4 Evaluation of Radiat
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
- Page 700 and 701:
Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
- Page 710 and 711:
Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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W EXAMPLE 13.9 Evaluation of Radiat
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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SUMMARY Evaluation of Radiation Saf
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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(b) Are the distributions normal or
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
- Page 736 and 737:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 14 Non
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Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 725 hi
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2.4 mW cm 2 E mW cm 2 = (50 cm)2 (1
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 729 Fi
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 731 Fi
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Figure 14-4. Beam cross sections fo
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% Total Transmission 100 90 80 70 6
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 737 TA
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 739 TA
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 741 TA
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W Example 14.7 NONIONIZING RADIATIO
- Page 760 and 761:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 745 Th
- Page 762 and 763:
TABLE 14-12. Reflecting Materials N
- Page 764 and 765:
Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
- Page 766 and 767:
Solution The irradiance at the aper
- Page 768 and 769:
Wavelengths (nm) NONIONIZING RADIAT
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n = 300 pulses s × 10 seconds = 30
- Page 772 and 773:
% of Peak 100 80 60 40 20 NONIONIZI
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 759 Th
- Page 776 and 777:
TABLE 14-16. Radar Bands FREQUENCY
- Page 778 and 779:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 763 Al
- Page 780 and 781:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 765 po
- Page 782 and 783:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 767 Gr
- Page 784 and 785:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 769 in
- Page 786 and 787:
Since there is 1 J/s in a watt, 1.1
- Page 788 and 789:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 773 Th
- Page 790 and 791:
Biological Effects NONIONIZING RADI
- Page 792 and 793:
where Td = dry bulb temperature,
- Page 794 and 795:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 779 to
- Page 796 and 797:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 781 th
- Page 798 and 799:
Dosimetry NONIONIZING RADIATION SAF
- Page 800 and 801:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 785 Fi
- Page 802 and 803:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 787 TA
- Page 804 and 805:
where S = power density, W/m 2 , ε
- Page 806 and 807:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 791 ME
- Page 808 and 809:
where A = attenuation, dB, t = shie
- Page 810 and 811:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 795 th
- Page 812 and 813:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 797 14
- Page 814 and 815:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 799 SO
- Page 816 and 817:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 801 Ha
- Page 818 and 819:
APPENDIX A Values of Some Useful Co
- Page 820 and 821:
APPENDIX B Table of the Elements NA
- Page 822 and 823:
Table of the Elements (Continued) A
- Page 824 and 825:
APPENDIX C The Reference Person Ove
- Page 826 and 827:
Chemical Composition APPENDIX C. 81
- Page 828 and 829:
Duration of Exposure 1. Occupationa
- Page 830 and 831:
APPENDIX D SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTI
- Page 832 and 833:
817 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 834 and 835:
819 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 836 and 837:
821 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 838 and 839:
823 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 840 and 841:
825 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 842 and 843:
827 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 844 and 845:
829 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 846 and 847:
831 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 848 and 849:
833 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 850 and 851:
835 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 852 and 853:
837 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 854 and 855:
839 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 856 and 857:
841 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 858 and 859:
843 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 860 and 861:
845 Target 0.200 0.500 1.000 1.500
- Page 862 and 863:
847 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 864 and 865:
849 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
- Page 866 and 867:
APPENDIX E TOTAL MASS ATTENUATION C
- Page 868 and 869:
APPENDIX F MASS ENERGY ABSORPTION C
- Page 870 and 871:
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2.1 0.53 m/s to
- Page 872 and 873:
TVL Al 5.3 cm 0.1 MeV Cu 0.6 cm
- Page 874 and 875:
12.2 Nuclide Bq/L pCi/mL 24 Na 1200
- Page 876 and 877:
INDEX Page numbers followed by “t
- Page 878 and 879:
Catecholamines, 303 Cavity ionizati
- Page 880 and 881:
Energy Research and Development Adm
- Page 882 and 883:
International Organization for Stan
- Page 884 and 885:
n-p junction, 445 Nuclear bombings
- Page 886 and 887:
Radium injections, 324 Radon daught
- Page 888:
Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent di