Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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n–p junction, 445 Nuclear bombings in Japan, leukemia incidence rate, 321–23 Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), 340–41 Nuclear energy levels, 79 Nuclear fission, 639–45 Nuclear force, 73–74 Nuclear reactor, 181–82, 651–58 Nuclear safety, control methods, 658–61 Nuclear spectrometers, 440 Nuclear spectroscopy, 440–42 Nuclear stability, 80–81, 80f Nucleons, 79 Nucleus, 59, 73 Null hypothesis, 494 O Occupancy factor, (T), 530t, 533 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 708 Odd-odd nuclei, 79 Oersted, Christian, 33 Oklo reactor, 109 One-over-v law, 190 Oocytes, 304 Optical density (OD), 750–56 Optical microscopes, 47 Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, 458–59 Optically stimulated luminescence, 458–59 Optimization, 571–73 control of airborne contaminants, 627–30 of counting time, 500–1 radiation protection efforts, 571–75 Optimum eyewear, 752 Optimum goggle, 752 Optimum ventilation rate, 628–29 Orbital electron capture/electron capture/K capture, 95–96 Organ of Corti, 307 Organ systems, 289–307 OSHA regulations (29 CFR, 1926.54), 740–41 Osmotic pressure of the solution, 287 Osteoblasts, 297 Osteogenic tissue, 297 Outer ear, 306 Outermost electron shell, 69 Overexposure to radiocesium, 315 Oxytocin, 302 P Pair production, 173–74 Patient workload values, 532 Parasympathetic nervous systems, 300 Parathyroids, 303 Particle aerodynamic properties, 359–61 absorbed fraction for beta particles, 391t counting instruments, 428–47 deposition in respiratory tract, 363f, 367f DAC adjustments based on size, 412–413 dissolution, 381–82 Index 869 flux measuring instrument, 448 ICRP 30 deposition, 366f, 367f, 368f ICRP 66 compartmental distribution of activity, 387t ICRP 66 compartment residence times, 388t ICRP 66 deposition in lungs, 379f, 379t, 380f ICRP 66 fraction to each compartment, 380t ICRP 66 model, 383f kinetics, 358–62 size distribution, 357–58 sizing, 695–99 thermodynamic properties, 361–62 Particulate radioactivity in the lungs, 326 Pauli exclusion principle, 68 Penetration depth in the absorber, 773 Perilymph, 307 Periodic table of the elements, 68–71, 70f–71f Periosteum, 297 Peristalsis, 294–95 of the walls of the GI tract, 286 Peristaltic contractions, 295, 296 Permeability (μ), 34–38 free space, 34 membrane, 286, 287 neuron wall, 301 radiofrequency shielding, 792t tissue, 775, 776, 777 Permissible exposure limit (PEL), 693 Permittivity, 14 free space, 37, 38 medium, 37 tissue, 775 PET suite, 554–56 Phagocytosis, 364 Phosphate-rich soil, 111 Photoelectric absorption, 178 detectors, 757 devices, 756–58 effect, 66, 97–98, 178 internal conversion, 97–98 Photometric system of units, 722 Photon, 45 Photoneutron production, 557, 564 sources, 184f Photonuclear reactions (photodisintegration), 179–80 Photopeak, 442 Pituitary gland, 301–2 Planck, Max, 61 Planck’s constant (h), 44 Planck’s quantum theory, 44–51. see also Bohr’s atomic model Plasma, 290 Platelets, 290 Plexiglas, 145–48 Pocket dosimeters, 449–50 Point charges, 24 Point mutation, 316–17 Point source, 514–16 approaching, 515 Poisson distribution, 489–91 Positive-displacement pumps, 686 Positron, 93–95
870 Index Positron emission tomography (PET), 552–57 Positron-electron pair, cross section of, 174 Potential energy, 5 Power, 51 Power meter, 780–81 Power of a statistical test, 496–97 Power reactor, 642 Poynting vector, 43 Primary ionizing particles, 207 Primary spermatocytes, 304 Primordial radioactivity, 111–17 Primordial radionuclides, 116 Principal quantum number, 67 Prompt critical condition, 653 Prompt neutrons, 653 Proportional counter, 430–32, 433f Protection factors, respiratory, 591t Protective clothing, 589–90 guidelines, 589t Protective eyewear, 750–56 choice of, 753 Proton radiator, 471 Proton recoil counter, 470–71 Proton-recoil proportional counter, 471–74 Protons, 51 p-type semiconductor, 444–46 Public health, 342–44 Public Dose Limit, see Dose, public Public policy vis-à-vis radiation safety, 1 Pulmonary region, (P), 365, 366f, 367f Pulse duration, 753 Pulsed laser, 732 Pupil diameter, 305t Pure beta emitters, 91 Pyloric sphincter, 295 Pylorus, 295 Pyroelectric detectors, 759 Q QF, see radiation weighting factor Q-switched/Q spoiled, 732 Quality factor, see radiation weighting factor Quantitative relationships, 1, 3 Quantum chromodynamics, 74 Quantum mechanical theory, 86 Quarks, 60, 74 Quenching, 434 R Rad, 204 Radiation absorbed dose (rad), 203–4 Radiation and harmful chemicals, exposure to, 706–8 “Radiocarbon” dating, 110, see also C-14 Radiation dose from radionuclides, 285 Radiation effects research foundation, (RERF), 279 Radiation effects acute, 307, 308t, 309f, 310 bone cancer, 323 cancer, 317 delayed, 315 deterministic, 281, 282t, 307, 344 detriment, 347 eyes, 312 genetic, 315 GI Syndrome, 309 gonads, 312 hemopoietic syndrome, 308 hot particle, 311 IAEA categories for deterministic effects, 708–9 leukemia, 321 lung cancer, 324 mental retardation, 314t observed, 280–85 stochastic, 315–32, 344 skin, 310 teratogenic, 313 thyroid cancer, 326 treatment for acute overexposure, 313 Radiation exposure, external and internal, 583 Radiation flux (fluence rate), 447–48 Radiation protection guides, 408–9 Radiation protection limits, 601–2 Radiation protection optimization, 571–575 Radiation safety practice, 342–44, 513 standards, 342 Radiation worker control medical supervision, 667–68 protective clothing, 589–90 respiratory protection, 590–92 Radiation delayed effects of, 315 genetic (heritable) effects of, 315–17 weighted dose units, 331–32 Radiation weighting factors,w R 330–31 quality factor (QF), 331, 331t Radio transmission, 36 Radioactive decay, 81 Radioactive decay series, 116 Radioactive gas, see gas, radioactive Radioactive transformation, 81, 85 Radioactive wastes, 596 Radioactivity, 85 Radiofrequency (RF) radiation and microwaves, see also microwaves bands, 759, 760t biological effects, 775–79 detector probes, 782 dosimetry, 785 far field, 766, 767 information-carrying capacity of, 763 Limits, 784–788, 787t, 788t measurements, 779–82 near field, 766, 767 penetration depth, 771–74, 774t safety guides and standards, 784–90 shielding, 793 thermal effects, 768–71 Radiogenic effects, initiating mechanisms of, 283–85 Radiogenic thyroid cancer in children, 326 Radiometric units, 722 Radionuclide, 98 Radiosensitive target cells within the HRT, 389–92 Radiotherapy machines, 557–65 Radium, carcinogenic properties of, 323–24 Radium-dial painters, 324
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics Herm
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To my wife, Sylvia and to the memor
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CONTENTS Preface/ XI 1. Introductio
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Surface Contamination Limits/592 Wa
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PREFACE The practice of radiation s
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION 1 Health physics, radi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES MECHA
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 5 In
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and at v = 0.99 c, m = 9.11 × 10
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 9 Sub
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 11 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 13 co
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17 (t
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Electrical Current: The Ampere REVI
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Solution REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIP
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 23 Ac
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V a b REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
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Elastic Collision REVIEW OF PHYSICA
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Force Time REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINC
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 31 5
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 33 Fi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 35 In
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or, in terms of the loss tangent,
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where Impedance t = time after clos
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 45 A
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therefore, Matter Waves REVIEW OF P
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SUMMARY REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPL
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 53 Ac
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55 2.
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 57 2.
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ATOMIC
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Bohr’s Atomic Model ATOMIC AND NU
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 63 2.
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The energy of this photon is E = hc
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 67 are
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 69 ene
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TABLE 3-1. Electronic Structure of
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 73 rad
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 75 spe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 77 whe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 79 neu
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SUMMARY ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTUR
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 83 3.1
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R ADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVITY 4
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R ADIATION SOURCES 87 Figure 4-2. T
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R ADIATION SOURCES 89 Figure 4-3. R
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R ADIATION SOURCES 91 Figure 4-4. P
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Figure 4-7. Iodine-131 transformati
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R ADIATION SOURCES 95 Since positro
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R ADIATION SOURCES 97 level of high
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R ADIATION SOURCES 99 From the defi
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R ADIATION SOURCES 101 determined b
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R ADIATION SOURCES 103 sum of the l
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R ADIATION SOURCES 105 of activity
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Solution SA 14 10 226 × 1600 yea
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and the number of radioactive atoms
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W EXAMPLE 4.8 R ADIATION SOURCES 11
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TABLE 4-2. Neptunium Series (4n +1)
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TABLE 4-4. Actinium Series (4n +3)
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R ADIATION SOURCES 117 TABLE 4-6. A
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The integrand can be changed to the
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Figure 4-14. Secular equilibrium: B
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R ADIATION SOURCES 123 of the daugh
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R ADIATION SOURCES 125 By the use o
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Expanding and collecting terms, we
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R ADIATION SOURCES 129 Figure 4-17.
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Deflector Vacuum pump External deam
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Substituting the value of r from Eq
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R ADIATION SOURCES 135 before it is
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R ADIATION SOURCES 137 4.18. What w
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R ADIATION SOURCES 139 4.43. 100-mC
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R ADIATION SOURCES 141 Report No. 1
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTE
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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TABLE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
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W EXAMPLE 5.12 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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Classification TABLE 5-6. α, n Neu
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W EXAMPLE 5.14 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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since ln E =−ξ, E 0 E E 0 = e
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where INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
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UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 During
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Solution The radiation absorbed dos
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 207 The relatio
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 209 The use of
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 211 Since one e
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 213 Figure 6-5.
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The radiation absorbed dose rate fr
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 217 Figure 6-6.
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219 TABLE 6-1. Mean Mass Stopping P
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 221 The exposur
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W Example 6.9 RADIATION DOSIMETRY 2
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 225 This calcul
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where ϕ = intensity at depth t, ϕ
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 229 Assuming th
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When we combine the constants in Eq
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Solution RADIATION DOSIMETRY 233 Ph
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 235 In most ins
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 237 first-order
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 239 Integrating
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Medical Internal Radiation Dose Met
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 243 1 Bq/cm 3 o
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W Example 6.16 RADIATION DOSIMETRY
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for 131I listed in the output data
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then the total dose to the target o
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251 TABLE 6-8. Absorbed Fractions (
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 253 which was f
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255 TABLE 6-9. S, Absorbed Dose per
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257 TABLE 6-10. S, Absorbed Dose Pe
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 259 values of S
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 261 S (kidney
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 263 and MIRD Pa
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 265 the 50-year
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TABLE 6-11. Synthetic Tissue Compos
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Solution Dn,p = The dose rate due t
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 271 6.2. An air
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 273 (a) Plot th
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 275 the averag
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 277 No. 7. Berg
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7 BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RADIATION SA
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Na + K + BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADI
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TLC VC IC FRC IRV TV RV RV BIOLOGIC
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Capillary knot Vein BIOLOGICAL BASI
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Cell body One nerve cell Axon Nucle
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Aqueous humor Cornea Iris Lens Vitr
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Leucocytes and lymphocytes (x10 −
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TABLE 7-5. Tissue Dose Rate vs. Dis
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Birth Defects (Teratogenesis) BIOLO
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Cancer BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIAT
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Incidence Incidence General form Do
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 8 Radiation
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 339 radiati
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 341 members
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 343 is a me
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 345 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 347 by radi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 349 radiati
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Dose Coefficient RADIATION SAFETY G
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 353 appropr
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 355 The cal
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Airborne Radioactivity RADIATION SA
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 359 collisi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 361 is 1 g/
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 365 can be
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 367 total w
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 369 TABLE 8
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compartment after a time t is given
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 373 Now we
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 375 classi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 377 normal
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 381 whose c
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13 14 12 11 GI Tract 13 T RADIATION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 387 REGION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 389 The bb
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391 TABLE 8-18. Values of Absorbed
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TABLE 8-19. Summary of Dose Calcula
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TABLE 8-20. Dose Coefficients for S
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 397 nation
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and the total activity in the body
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 401 segment
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 403 where E
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TABLE 8-22. Radioisotopes That Do N
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 407 The sma
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 409 TABLE 8
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 411 Kentuck
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 413 The fra
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 415 ALI = 1
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W Example 8.10 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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W Example 8.12 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 421 Substit
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 423 64. Inf
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 425 16. Pro
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION RADI
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Gas-Filled Particle Counters HEALTH
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 431
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TABLE 9-2. Scintillating Materials
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Figure 9-10. Block diagram of a sin
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DOSE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS HEALTH P
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Response Normalized to Cs-137 10 Co
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Survey Meters: Ion Current Chambers
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W Example 9.6 HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRU
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NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS HEALTH PHYSICS
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467 TABLE 9-4. Threshold Foil React
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Count rate per unit flux 10 1 .1 .0
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Solution HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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Neutrons TABLE 9-7. Calibration Sou
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Accuracy HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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and is often expressed as a percent
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W Example 9.16 What is the MDA for
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Rearranging Eq. (9.60) and applying
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For the data in this example: HEALT
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Solution X = 1589 7 = 227 (Xi −
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10 EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY BASIC
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 515 By th
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W Example 10.2 EXTERNAL RADIATION S
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 519 Figur
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Au 198 Ir 192 Cs 137 EXTERNAL RADIA
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Dose buildup factor, B Dose buildup
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 527 layer
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X-Rays EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 52
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 531 recom
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 533
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535 TABLE 10-4. Values for the Para
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 537 a sec
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TABLE 10-6. Commercial Lead Sheets
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 543 The o
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 545 Dist
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 547 by th
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from Eqs. (10.26a) and (10.26b) int
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 551 TABLE
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Transmission 1.0 86 4 2 10 8 6 4 -1
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 555 to 0.
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The required lead-equivalent leaded
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Wpri = primary barrier weekly workl
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 561
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W = workload, Gy/wk, T = occupancy
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 565 Gamm
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where Ni = number of atoms of the i
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 569 which
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 571 is fo
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where C = cost per unit volume of t
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 575 for a
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 577 Calcu
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 579 per
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 581 Patte
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11 INTERNAL R ADIATION SAFETY INTER
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 585 Figur
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 589 regar
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591 TABLE 11-3. Protection Factors
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 593 the m
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 595 TABLE
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 597 the U
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 601 effec
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603 TABLE 11-7. Treatment Methods f
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 605 or ba
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Figure 11-5. Gaussian plume dispers
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TABLE 11-10. Pasquill’s Categorie
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 613 is 4
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 615 Equat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 617 In ce
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 619 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 621 Since
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W Example 11.7 INTERNAL RADIATION S
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 625 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 627 (b) A
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 629 a = c
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 631 treat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 633 activ
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 635 Cohen
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 637 Repor
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CRITICALITY CRITICALITY HAZARD 12 O
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Potential energy E11 E12Em 2r Dista
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Fission Products CRITICALITY 643 Th
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CRITICALITY A2 = 2.35 × 10 15 1.2
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and will cause “fast fission.”
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W Example 12.3 CRITICALITY 649 Calc
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CRITICALITY 651 Making the very rea
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TABLE 12-3. Delayed Neutrons from t
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Power level dt t T τ then T = τ -
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CRITICALITY 657 TABLE 12-5. Activit
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TABLE 12-6. Minimum Critical Mass o
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SUMMARY CRITICALITY 661 a criticali
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CRITICALITY 663 12.10. The blood pl
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CRITICALITY 665 Knief, R. A. Nuclea
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EVALUATION OF RADIATION SAFETY MEAS
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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W EXAMPLE 13.4 Evaluation of Radiat
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W EXAMPLE 13.9 Evaluation of Radiat
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SUMMARY Evaluation of Radiation Saf
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(b) Are the distributions normal or
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 14 Non
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Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 725 hi
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2.4 mW cm 2 E mW cm 2 = (50 cm)2 (1
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 729 Fi
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 14-4. Beam cross sections fo
Page 750 and 751:
% Total Transmission 100 90 80 70 6
Page 752 and 753:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 737 TA
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
W Example 14.7 NONIONIZING RADIATIO
Page 760 and 761:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 745 Th
Page 762 and 763:
TABLE 14-12. Reflecting Materials N
Page 764 and 765:
Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
Page 766 and 767:
Solution The irradiance at the aper
Page 768 and 769:
Wavelengths (nm) NONIONIZING RADIAT
Page 770 and 771:
n = 300 pulses s × 10 seconds = 30
Page 772 and 773:
% of Peak 100 80 60 40 20 NONIONIZI
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
TABLE 14-16. Radar Bands FREQUENCY
Page 778 and 779:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 763 Al
Page 780 and 781:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 765 po
Page 782 and 783:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 767 Gr
Page 784 and 785:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 769 in
Page 786 and 787:
Since there is 1 J/s in a watt, 1.1
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Biological Effects NONIONIZING RADI
Page 792 and 793:
where Td = dry bulb temperature,
Page 794 and 795:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 779 to
Page 796 and 797:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 781 th
Page 798 and 799:
Dosimetry NONIONIZING RADIATION SAF
Page 800 and 801:
Page 802 and 803:
Page 804 and 805:
where S = power density, W/m 2 , ε
Page 806 and 807:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 791 ME
Page 808 and 809:
where A = attenuation, dB, t = shie
Page 810 and 811:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 795 th
Page 812 and 813:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 797 14
Page 814 and 815:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 799 SO
Page 816 and 817:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 801 Ha
Page 818 and 819:
APPENDIX A Values of Some Useful Co
Page 820 and 821:
APPENDIX B Table of the Elements NA
Page 822 and 823:
Table of the Elements (Continued) A
Page 824 and 825:
APPENDIX C The Reference Person Ove
Page 826 and 827:
Chemical Composition APPENDIX C. 81
Page 828 and 829:
Duration of Exposure 1. Occupationa
Page 830 and 831:
APPENDIX D SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTI
Page 832 and 833:
817 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
Page 834 and 835: 819 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
Page 860 and 861: 845 Target 0.200 0.500 1.000 1.500
Page 866 and 867: APPENDIX E TOTAL MASS ATTENUATION C
Page 868 and 869: APPENDIX F MASS ENERGY ABSORPTION C
Page 870 and 871: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2.1 0.53 m/s to
Page 872 and 873: TVL Al 5.3 cm 0.1 MeV Cu 0.6 cm
Page 874 and 875: 12.2 Nuclide Bq/L pCi/mL 24 Na 1200
Page 876 and 877: INDEX Page numbers followed by “t
Page 878 and 879: Catecholamines, 303 Cavity ionizati
Page 880 and 881: Energy Research and Development Adm
Page 882 and 883: International Organization for Stan
Page 886 and 887: Radium injections, 324 Radon daught
Page 888: Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent di
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Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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