Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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12.2 Nuclide Bq/L pCi/mL 24 Na 1200 32 36 Cl 3.2 × 10 −3 8.6 × 10 −5 35S 46 1.2 38Cl : 233 6.3 12.3 1 μGy/h 12.4 a. 75.4 Ci @1h 14.2 Ci @8h 0.46 Ci @7d 0.08 Ci @ 30 d 12.5 1000 Ci 12.6 Dose rate, rads/h t surface @25 ft. 1 m 466 0.31 1h 3.4 2.3 × 10 −3 1d 0.076 5 × 10 −5 7d 0.007 4.8 × 10 −6 12.7 3.72 Ci 12.8 a. 151.4 g/L b. 20.64 g/L 12.9 1.94 n/fission 12.10 a. 35.5 mGy b. 264 mGy 12.11 a. 1023 neutrons b. 279 generations 12.12 710 min. later 12.13 25 mGy gamma 22.5 mGy neutrons 12.14 a. element barns O 2.8 × 10 −4 Si 0.171 Ca 0.430 Al 0.230 Na 0.525 Fe 2.56 K 2.1 H 0.332 b. 0.011 cm−1 12.15 td Bq× 1018 MCi 8 1.37 37.01 30 2.54 68.54 60 2.72 73.64 180 2.74 74.05 12.16 2.9 × 104 Ci 1.1 × 1015 Bq 13.1 7.6 Sv/h 13.2 No 13.3 5.9 cpm 13.4 a. 58.5 MB·q 27.4 μGy/h 13.5 555 tpm 13.6 1 Bq/m 3 per 3.6 Bq/L 13.7 2700 Bq @1d 450Bq@10d 13.8 a. 1.3 MBq b. 2.87 μGy c. 3.35 mGy d. 0.17 mSv 13.9 0.52±0.09 Bq/L 13.10 1.05±0.23 Bq/m 3 (28.4±6.1) × 10 −12 μCi/mL 13.11 1.58±0.34 mSv 13.12 H, Sv Lungs Bone a. 3.6 × 10 −12 8 × 10 −11 b. 6 × 10 −14 1.5 × 10 −10 13.13 b. log-normal c. CMD = 2.5 μm × /÷2 SMD = 8.2 μm × /÷2 MMD = 10.6 μm × /÷2 13.14 a. 6.5 × 10 4 Bq b. 0.4 Gy 13.15 2000 Bq 13.16 a. U(t) = 25.4e −0.017t b. 2.06 × 10 4 Bq c. 38 mGy 13.17 68 mSv 13.18 a. 787.5 Bq 31 mSv 13.19 a. 19.9 Ci 60 Co 155 Ci 137 Cs 1950 Ci 144 Ce b. 9 rads/h c. 8100 rads/h 13.20 3 × 10 −8 μCi/mL 13.21 a. 1.77 × 10 4 Bq/m 3 b. 2.6 μGy c. 894 Bq/L 13.22 a. 130 kBq b. 2.9 mSv 13.23 2.7 L/m 13.24 76.2 L/m 13.25 0.078 dpm/100 cm 2 13.26 9 × 10 −7 μCi/mL 13.27 a. (3.9±0.32) × 10 −11 μCi/mL b. (3.9±0.6) × 10 −11 μCi/mL Answers <strong>to</strong> Problems 859 13.28 No exposure 13.29 a1. 1.33 × 104 dpm/100 cm2 a2. 800 dpm b1. 0.12 μCi b2. 4.37 × 103 13.30 a. 2 μCi b. 50 mrems 13.31 a. 3.65 × 104 Bq b. 0.27 mSv 13.32 a. (2.42±0.37) × 10−8 μCi/mL b. 914±140 Bq/m3 13.33 a. 1.1 × 105 Bq/m3 b. 1 μg CrO 14.1 3 × 10 6 14.2 a. 2.79 mm b.5cm c. 509 mW/cm 2 14.3 a. 0.172 J/cm 2 0.085 J/cm 2 b.7m c. No 14.4 a. 5 × 10 −4 b. 2 × 10 4 W c. 0.001 J 14.5 1.8 mW/cm 2 14.6 10.7 mW/cm 2 14.7 a. 5.1 b. 8.3 14.8 a. 5.3 b. 1.3 c. 1.9 14.9 a. 6.1 × 10 −3 s b. 6.5 × 10 −5 J/cm 2 c. 2.6 × 10 −4 W/cm 2 d. Class III 14.10 a. 10 −4 b. 100 W 14.11 a. 1 × 10 −3 b. 20,000 W 14.12 a. 88.8 b. 19.5 dB 14.13 a. 122.8 V/m b. 0.325 A/m c. 0.133 pJ/cm 3 14.14 30 dB 14.15 0.27 A/m
860 Answers <strong>to</strong> Problems 14.16 a. 51 mW/cm2 b. 204 c.4m d. 102 mW/cm2 e. 11.2 m 14.17 a. 500 mW/cm2 b. 2000 mW/cm 2 c. 138 cm d. 0.5 mW/cm 2 e. 358 cm 14.18 a. 1 × 10 −3 b. 2000 W c. 42 dB d. 320 m 14.19 a. 1.2 × 10−3 b. 1.2 × 103 mW/cm2 c. 21 mW/cm2 d. Yes 14.20 Derivation 14.21 27 cm, 106 cm 14.22 fat: 60 cm muscle: 6.7 cm 14.23 29 dB 14.24 a. 24 m b. 22.4 mW/cm 2 b. 80 m 14.25 0.11 mW/cm 2 14.26 175 mW/cm 2 14.27 12 s 14.28 a. 1 × 10 −3 b. 2000 W c. 26 mW/cm 2 c. Yes 14.29 No 14.30 1.4 mW/cm 2 14.31 a. 13 mW/cm2 b. 2.5 mW/cm2 c. No 14.32 4.6 eV 14.33 0.2 W 14.34 380 nm: 4.7 × 104 mJ/cm2 260 nm: 4.6 mJ/cm2 14.35 No 14.36 a. 6.65 × 10−3 J/cm2 b. 1 × 10−3 radian c. 13.4 m 14.37 a. 3.2 × 10−7 J/cm2 b. 17.3 km 14.38 1.8 cm 14.39 a. 100 W/m2 b. 1.9 m 14.40 1963 W/pulse 3.9 × 10−4 J/pulse
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics Herm
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To my wife, Sylvia and to the memor
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CONTENTS Preface/ XI 1. Introductio
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Surface Contamination Limits/592 Wa
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PREFACE The practice of radiation s
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION 1 Health physics, radi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES MECHA
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 5 In
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and at v = 0.99 c, m = 9.11 × 10
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 9 Sub
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 11 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 13 co
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17 (t
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Electrical Current: The Ampere REVI
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Solution REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIP
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 23 Ac
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V a b REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
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Elastic Collision REVIEW OF PHYSICA
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Force Time REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINC
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 31 5
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 33 Fi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 35 In
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or, in terms of the loss tangent,
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where Impedance t = time after clos
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 45 A
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therefore, Matter Waves REVIEW OF P
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SUMMARY REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPL
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 53 Ac
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55 2.
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 57 2.
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ATOMIC
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Bohr’s Atomic Model ATOMIC AND NU
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 63 2.
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The energy of this photon is E = hc
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 67 are
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 69 ene
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TABLE 3-1. Electronic Structure of
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 73 rad
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 75 spe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 77 whe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 79 neu
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SUMMARY ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTUR
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 83 3.1
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R ADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVITY 4
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R ADIATION SOURCES 87 Figure 4-2. T
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R ADIATION SOURCES 89 Figure 4-3. R
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R ADIATION SOURCES 91 Figure 4-4. P
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Figure 4-7. Iodine-131 transformati
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R ADIATION SOURCES 95 Since positro
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R ADIATION SOURCES 97 level of high
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R ADIATION SOURCES 99 From the defi
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R ADIATION SOURCES 101 determined b
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R ADIATION SOURCES 103 sum of the l
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R ADIATION SOURCES 105 of activity
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Solution SA 14 10 226 × 1600 yea
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and the number of radioactive atoms
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W EXAMPLE 4.8 R ADIATION SOURCES 11
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TABLE 4-2. Neptunium Series (4n +1)
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TABLE 4-4. Actinium Series (4n +3)
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R ADIATION SOURCES 117 TABLE 4-6. A
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The integrand can be changed to the
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Figure 4-14. Secular equilibrium: B
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R ADIATION SOURCES 123 of the daugh
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R ADIATION SOURCES 125 By the use o
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Expanding and collecting terms, we
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R ADIATION SOURCES 129 Figure 4-17.
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Deflector Vacuum pump External deam
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Substituting the value of r from Eq
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R ADIATION SOURCES 135 before it is
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R ADIATION SOURCES 137 4.18. What w
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R ADIATION SOURCES 139 4.43. 100-mC
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R ADIATION SOURCES 141 Report No. 1
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTE
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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TABLE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
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W EXAMPLE 5.12 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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Classification TABLE 5-6. α, n Neu
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W EXAMPLE 5.14 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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since ln E =−ξ, E 0 E E 0 = e
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where INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
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UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 During
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Solution The radiation absorbed dos
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 207 The relatio
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 209 The use of
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 211 Since one e
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 213 Figure 6-5.
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The radiation absorbed dose rate fr
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 217 Figure 6-6.
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219 TABLE 6-1. Mean Mass Stopping P
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 221 The exposur
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W Example 6.9 RADIATION DOSIMETRY 2
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 225 This calcul
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where ϕ = intensity at depth t, ϕ
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 229 Assuming th
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When we combine the constants in Eq
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Solution RADIATION DOSIMETRY 233 Ph
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 235 In most ins
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 237 first-order
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 239 Integrating
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Medical Internal Radiation Dose Met
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 243 1 Bq/cm 3 o
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W Example 6.16 RADIATION DOSIMETRY
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for 131I listed in the output data
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then the total dose to the target o
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251 TABLE 6-8. Absorbed Fractions (
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 253 which was f
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255 TABLE 6-9. S, Absorbed Dose per
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257 TABLE 6-10. S, Absorbed Dose Pe
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 259 values of S
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 261 S (kidney
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 263 and MIRD Pa
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 265 the 50-year
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TABLE 6-11. Synthetic Tissue Compos
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Solution Dn,p = The dose rate due t
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 271 6.2. An air
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 273 (a) Plot th
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 275 the averag
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 277 No. 7. Berg
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7 BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RADIATION SA
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Na + K + BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADI
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TLC VC IC FRC IRV TV RV RV BIOLOGIC
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Capillary knot Vein BIOLOGICAL BASI
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Cell body One nerve cell Axon Nucle
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Aqueous humor Cornea Iris Lens Vitr
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Leucocytes and lymphocytes (x10 −
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TABLE 7-5. Tissue Dose Rate vs. Dis
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Birth Defects (Teratogenesis) BIOLO
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Cancer BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIAT
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Incidence Incidence General form Do
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 8 Radiation
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 339 radiati
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 341 members
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 343 is a me
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 345 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 347 by radi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 349 radiati
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Dose Coefficient RADIATION SAFETY G
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 353 appropr
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 355 The cal
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Airborne Radioactivity RADIATION SA
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 359 collisi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 361 is 1 g/
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 365 can be
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 367 total w
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 369 TABLE 8
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compartment after a time t is given
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 373 Now we
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 375 classi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 377 normal
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 381 whose c
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13 14 12 11 GI Tract 13 T RADIATION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 387 REGION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 389 The bb
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391 TABLE 8-18. Values of Absorbed
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TABLE 8-19. Summary of Dose Calcula
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TABLE 8-20. Dose Coefficients for S
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 397 nation
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and the total activity in the body
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 401 segment
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 403 where E
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TABLE 8-22. Radioisotopes That Do N
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 407 The sma
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 409 TABLE 8
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 411 Kentuck
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 413 The fra
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 415 ALI = 1
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W Example 8.10 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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W Example 8.12 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 421 Substit
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 423 64. Inf
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 425 16. Pro
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION RADI
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Gas-Filled Particle Counters HEALTH
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 431
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TABLE 9-2. Scintillating Materials
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Figure 9-10. Block diagram of a sin
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DOSE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS HEALTH P
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Response Normalized to Cs-137 10 Co
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Survey Meters: Ion Current Chambers
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W Example 9.6 HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRU
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NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS HEALTH PHYSICS
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467 TABLE 9-4. Threshold Foil React
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Count rate per unit flux 10 1 .1 .0
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Solution HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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Neutrons TABLE 9-7. Calibration Sou
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Accuracy HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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and is often expressed as a percent
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W Example 9.16 What is the MDA for
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Rearranging Eq. (9.60) and applying
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For the data in this example: HEALT
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Solution X = 1589 7 = 227 (Xi −
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10 EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY BASIC
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 515 By th
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W Example 10.2 EXTERNAL RADIATION S
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 519 Figur
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Au 198 Ir 192 Cs 137 EXTERNAL RADIA
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Dose buildup factor, B Dose buildup
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 527 layer
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X-Rays EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 52
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 531 recom
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 533
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535 TABLE 10-4. Values for the Para
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 537 a sec
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TABLE 10-6. Commercial Lead Sheets
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 543 The o
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 545 Dist
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 547 by th
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from Eqs. (10.26a) and (10.26b) int
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 551 TABLE
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Transmission 1.0 86 4 2 10 8 6 4 -1
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 555 to 0.
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The required lead-equivalent leaded
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Wpri = primary barrier weekly workl
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 561
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W = workload, Gy/wk, T = occupancy
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 565 Gamm
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where Ni = number of atoms of the i
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 569 which
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 571 is fo
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where C = cost per unit volume of t
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 575 for a
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 577 Calcu
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 579 per
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 581 Patte
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11 INTERNAL R ADIATION SAFETY INTER
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 585 Figur
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 589 regar
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591 TABLE 11-3. Protection Factors
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 593 the m
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 595 TABLE
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 597 the U
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 601 effec
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603 TABLE 11-7. Treatment Methods f
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 605 or ba
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Figure 11-5. Gaussian plume dispers
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TABLE 11-10. Pasquill’s Categorie
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 613 is 4
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 615 Equat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 617 In ce
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 619 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 621 Since
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W Example 11.7 INTERNAL RADIATION S
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 625 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 627 (b) A
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 629 a = c
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 631 treat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 633 activ
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 635 Cohen
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 637 Repor
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CRITICALITY CRITICALITY HAZARD 12 O
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Potential energy E11 E12Em 2r Dista
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Fission Products CRITICALITY 643 Th
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CRITICALITY A2 = 2.35 × 10 15 1.2
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and will cause “fast fission.”
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W Example 12.3 CRITICALITY 649 Calc
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CRITICALITY 651 Making the very rea
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TABLE 12-3. Delayed Neutrons from t
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Power level dt t T τ then T = τ -
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CRITICALITY 657 TABLE 12-5. Activit
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TABLE 12-6. Minimum Critical Mass o
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SUMMARY CRITICALITY 661 a criticali
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CRITICALITY 663 12.10. The blood pl
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CRITICALITY 665 Knief, R. A. Nuclea
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EVALUATION OF RADIATION SAFETY MEAS
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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W EXAMPLE 13.4 Evaluation of Radiat
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W EXAMPLE 13.9 Evaluation of Radiat
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SUMMARY Evaluation of Radiation Saf
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(b) Are the distributions normal or
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 14 Non
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Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 725 hi
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2.4 mW cm 2 E mW cm 2 = (50 cm)2 (1
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 729 Fi
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Page 748 and 749:
Figure 14-4. Beam cross sections fo
Page 750 and 751:
% Total Transmission 100 90 80 70 6
Page 752 and 753:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 737 TA
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
W Example 14.7 NONIONIZING RADIATIO
Page 760 and 761:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 745 Th
Page 762 and 763:
TABLE 14-12. Reflecting Materials N
Page 764 and 765:
Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
Page 766 and 767:
Solution The irradiance at the aper
Page 768 and 769:
Wavelengths (nm) NONIONIZING RADIAT
Page 770 and 771:
n = 300 pulses s × 10 seconds = 30
Page 772 and 773:
% of Peak 100 80 60 40 20 NONIONIZI
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
TABLE 14-16. Radar Bands FREQUENCY
Page 778 and 779:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 763 Al
Page 780 and 781:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 765 po
Page 782 and 783:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 767 Gr
Page 784 and 785:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 769 in
Page 786 and 787:
Since there is 1 J/s in a watt, 1.1
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Biological Effects NONIONIZING RADI
Page 792 and 793:
where Td = dry bulb temperature,
Page 794 and 795:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 779 to
Page 796 and 797:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 781 th
Page 798 and 799:
Dosimetry NONIONIZING RADIATION SAF
Page 800 and 801:
Page 802 and 803:
Page 804 and 805:
where S = power density, W/m 2 , ε
Page 806 and 807:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 791 ME
Page 808 and 809:
where A = attenuation, dB, t = shie
Page 810 and 811:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 795 th
Page 812 and 813:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 797 14
Page 814 and 815:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 799 SO
Page 816 and 817:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 801 Ha
Page 818 and 819:
APPENDIX A Values of Some Useful Co
Page 820 and 821:
APPENDIX B Table of the Elements NA
Page 822 and 823:
Table of the Elements (Continued) A
Page 824 and 825: APPENDIX C The Reference Person Ove
Page 826 and 827: Chemical Composition APPENDIX C. 81
Page 828 and 829: Duration of Exposure 1. Occupationa
Page 830 and 831: APPENDIX D SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTI
Page 832 and 833: 817 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
Page 860 and 861: 845 Target 0.200 0.500 1.000 1.500
Page 866 and 867: APPENDIX E TOTAL MASS ATTENUATION C
Page 868 and 869: APPENDIX F MASS ENERGY ABSORPTION C
Page 870 and 871: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2.1 0.53 m/s to
Page 872 and 873: TVL Al 5.3 cm 0.1 MeV Cu 0.6 cm
Page 876 and 877: INDEX Page numbers followed by “t
Page 878 and 879: Catecholamines, 303 Cavity ionizati
Page 880 and 881: Energy Research and Development Adm
Page 882 and 883: International Organization for Stan
Page 884 and 885: n-p junction, 445 Nuclear bombings
Page 886 and 887: Radium injections, 324 Radon daught
Page 888: Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent di
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Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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