Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

More documents

Recommendations

Info

TABLE 11-10. Pasquill’s Categories of Atmospheric Stability A: Extremely unstable conditions D: Neutral conditions a B: Moderately unstable conditions E: Slightly stable conditions C: Slightly unstable conditions F: Moderately stable conditions INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 611 SURFACE WIND SPEED DAYTIME INSOLATION THIN OVERCAST or (m/s) Strong Moderate Slight ≥ 4/8 CLOUDINESSb ≤ 3/8 CLOUDINESS 6 C D D D D a Applicable to heavy overcast, day or night. b The degree of cloudiness is defined as that fraction of the sky above the local apparent horizon which is covered by clouds. (Manual of Surface Observations [WBAN], Circular N [7th ed.], paragraph 1210, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, July 1960.) Reproduced from Hilsmeier WF, Gifford FA jr. Graphs for Estimating Atmospheric Dispertion. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory; 1962. Report ORO-545. σ y (m) 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 2 3 ×10 0 A B C D E F 10 3 10 TRAVELDISTANCE (m) 4 σθ 25.0° 20.0° 15.0° 10.0° 5.0° 2.5° 10 5 Figure 11-6. Horizontal diffusion standard deviation, σ y, versus downwind distance from a point source for Pasquill’s atmospheric stabilities. (Reproduced from Slade DH. Meteorology and Atomic Energy. Washington, DC: US Atomic Energy Commission, Technical Information Division; 1968.)
612 CHAPTER 11 σ z (m) 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 A B C σ θ D 25.0° E F 20.0° 15.0° 10.0° 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 TRAVEL DISTANCE (m) Figure 11-7. Vertical diffusion standard deviation, σ z , versus downwind distance from a continuously emitting point source for Pasquill’s atmospheric stability categories. (Reproduced from Slade DH. Meteorology and Atomic Energy. Washington, DC: US Atomic Energy Commission, Technical Information Division; 1968.) The many uncertainties implicit in Eq. (11.4), such as type of terrain, fluctuations in meteorological conditions, etc., lead to a degree of imprecision in the calculated ground-level concentrations. The standard deviation of the calculated concentration is thought to be about a factor of 3. That is, 68 times out of 100, the true concentration can be expected to lie between x/3 and 3x, while 96 times out of 100, the true concentration can be expected to lie between x/6 and 6x. W Example 11.3 The 41 Ar effluent from an air-cooled reactor is 40 MBq/s (1.08 mCi/s) on a clear night, through a chimney 75 m high, when the wind speed at the chimney height 5.0° 2.5°
Page 2 and 3:
INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
Page 4 and 5:
INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics Herm
Page 6 and 7:
To my wife, Sylvia and to the memor
Page 8 and 9:
CONTENTS Preface/ XI 1. Introductio
Page 10 and 11:
Surface Contamination Limits/592 Wa
Page 12 and 13:
PREFACE The practice of radiation s
Page 14 and 15:
INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
Page 16 and 17:
INTRODUCTION 1 Health physics, radi
Page 18 and 19:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES MECHA
Page 20 and 21:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 5 In
Page 22 and 23:
and at v = 0.99 c, m = 9.11 × 10
Page 24 and 25:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 9 Sub
Page 26 and 27:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 11 Th
Page 28 and 29:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 13 co
Page 30 and 31:
Page 32 and 33:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17 (t
Page 34 and 35:
Electrical Current: The Ampere REVI
Page 36 and 37:
Solution REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIP
Page 38 and 39:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 23 Ac
Page 40 and 41:
V a b REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
Page 42 and 43:
Elastic Collision REVIEW OF PHYSICA
Page 44 and 45:
Force Time REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINC
Page 46 and 47:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 31 5
Page 48 and 49:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 33 Fi
Page 50 and 51:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 35 In
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
or, in terms of the loss tangent,
Page 56 and 57:
where Impedance t = time after clos
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 45 A
Page 62 and 63:
therefore, Matter Waves REVIEW OF P
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
SUMMARY REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPL
Page 68 and 69:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 53 Ac
Page 70 and 71:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55 2.
Page 72 and 73:
REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 57 2.
Page 74 and 75:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ATOMIC
Page 76 and 77:
Bohr’s Atomic Model ATOMIC AND NU
Page 78 and 79:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 63 2.
Page 80 and 81:
The energy of this photon is E = hc
Page 82 and 83:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 67 are
Page 84 and 85:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 69 ene
Page 86 and 87:
TABLE 3-1. Electronic Structure of
Page 88 and 89:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 73 rad
Page 90 and 91:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 75 spe
Page 92 and 93:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 77 whe
Page 94 and 95:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 79 neu
Page 96 and 97:
SUMMARY ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTUR
Page 98 and 99:
ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 83 3.1
Page 100 and 101:
R ADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVITY 4
Page 102 and 103:
R ADIATION SOURCES 87 Figure 4-2. T
Page 104 and 105:
R ADIATION SOURCES 89 Figure 4-3. R
Page 106 and 107:
R ADIATION SOURCES 91 Figure 4-4. P
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 4-7. Iodine-131 transformati
Page 110 and 111:
R ADIATION SOURCES 95 Since positro
Page 112 and 113:
R ADIATION SOURCES 97 level of high
Page 114 and 115:
R ADIATION SOURCES 99 From the defi
Page 116 and 117:
R ADIATION SOURCES 101 determined b
Page 118 and 119:
R ADIATION SOURCES 103 sum of the l
Page 120 and 121:
R ADIATION SOURCES 105 of activity
Page 122 and 123:
Solution SA 14 10 226 × 1600 yea
Page 124 and 125:
and the number of radioactive atoms
Page 126 and 127:
W EXAMPLE 4.8 R ADIATION SOURCES 11
Page 128 and 129:
TABLE 4-2. Neptunium Series (4n +1)
Page 130 and 131:
TABLE 4-4. Actinium Series (4n +3)
Page 132 and 133:
R ADIATION SOURCES 117 TABLE 4-6. A
Page 134 and 135:
The integrand can be changed to the
Page 136 and 137:
Figure 4-14. Secular equilibrium: B
Page 138 and 139:
R ADIATION SOURCES 123 of the daugh
Page 140 and 141:
R ADIATION SOURCES 125 By the use o
Page 142 and 143:
Expanding and collecting terms, we
Page 144 and 145:
R ADIATION SOURCES 129 Figure 4-17.
Page 146 and 147:
Deflector Vacuum pump External deam
Page 148 and 149:
Substituting the value of r from Eq
Page 150 and 151:
R ADIATION SOURCES 135 before it is
Page 152 and 153:
R ADIATION SOURCES 137 4.18. What w
Page 154 and 155:
R ADIATION SOURCES 139 4.43. 100-mC
Page 156 and 157:
R ADIATION SOURCES 141 Report No. 1
Page 158 and 159:
INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTE
Page 160 and 161:
INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
TABLE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
W EXAMPLE 5.12 INTERACTION OF RADIA
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Classification TABLE 5-6. α, n Neu
Page 202 and 203:
W EXAMPLE 5.14 INTERACTION OF RADIA
Page 204 and 205:
since ln E =−ξ, E 0 E E 0 = e
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
where INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
Page 210 and 211:
Page 212 and 213:
Page 214 and 215:
Page 216 and 217:
Page 218 and 219:
UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 During
Page 220 and 221:
Solution The radiation absorbed dos
Page 222 and 223:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 207 The relatio
Page 224 and 225:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 209 The use of
Page 226 and 227:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 211 Since one e
Page 228 and 229:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 213 Figure 6-5.
Page 230 and 231:
The radiation absorbed dose rate fr
Page 232 and 233:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 217 Figure 6-6.
Page 234 and 235:
219 TABLE 6-1. Mean Mass Stopping P
Page 236 and 237:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 221 The exposur
Page 238 and 239:
W Example 6.9 RADIATION DOSIMETRY 2
Page 240 and 241:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 225 This calcul
Page 242 and 243:
where ϕ = intensity at depth t, ϕ
Page 244 and 245:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 229 Assuming th
Page 246 and 247:
When we combine the constants in Eq
Page 248 and 249:
Solution RADIATION DOSIMETRY 233 Ph
Page 250 and 251:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 235 In most ins
Page 252 and 253:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 237 first-order
Page 254 and 255:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 239 Integrating
Page 256 and 257:
Medical Internal Radiation Dose Met
Page 258 and 259:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 243 1 Bq/cm 3 o
Page 260 and 261:
W Example 6.16 RADIATION DOSIMETRY
Page 262 and 263:
for 131I listed in the output data
Page 264 and 265:
then the total dose to the target o
Page 266 and 267:
251 TABLE 6-8. Absorbed Fractions (
Page 268 and 269:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 253 which was f
Page 270 and 271:
255 TABLE 6-9. S, Absorbed Dose per
Page 272 and 273:
257 TABLE 6-10. S, Absorbed Dose Pe
Page 274 and 275:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 259 values of S
Page 276 and 277:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 261 S (kidney
Page 278 and 279:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 263 and MIRD Pa
Page 280 and 281:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 265 the 50-year
Page 282 and 283:
TABLE 6-11. Synthetic Tissue Compos
Page 284 and 285:
Solution Dn,p = The dose rate due t
Page 286 and 287:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 271 6.2. An air
Page 288 and 289:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 273 (a) Plot th
Page 290 and 291:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 275 the averag
Page 292 and 293:
RADIATION DOSIMETRY 277 No. 7. Berg
Page 294 and 295:
7 BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RADIATION SA
Page 296 and 297:
BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
Page 298 and 299:
Page 300 and 301:
Page 302 and 303:
Na + K + BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADI
Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
TLC VC IC FRC IRV TV RV RV BIOLOGIC
Page 312 and 313:
Page 314 and 315:
Capillary knot Vein BIOLOGICAL BASI
Page 316 and 317:
Cell body One nerve cell Axon Nucle
Page 318 and 319:
Page 320 and 321:
Aqueous humor Cornea Iris Lens Vitr
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Leucocytes and lymphocytes (x10 −
Page 326 and 327:
TABLE 7-5. Tissue Dose Rate vs. Dis
Page 328 and 329:
Birth Defects (Teratogenesis) BIOLO
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Cancer BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIAT
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Incidence Incidence General form Do
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 8 Radiation
Page 354 and 355:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 339 radiati
Page 356 and 357:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 341 members
Page 358 and 359:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 343 is a me
Page 360 and 361:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 345 Figure
Page 362 and 363:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 347 by radi
Page 364 and 365:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 349 radiati
Page 366 and 367:
Dose Coefficient RADIATION SAFETY G
Page 368 and 369:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 353 appropr
Page 370 and 371:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 355 The cal
Page 372 and 373:
Airborne Radioactivity RADIATION SA
Page 374 and 375:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 359 collisi
Page 376 and 377:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 361 is 1 g/
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 365 can be
Page 382 and 383:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 367 total w
Page 384 and 385:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 369 TABLE 8
Page 386 and 387:
compartment after a time t is given
Page 388 and 389:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 373 Now we
Page 390 and 391:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 375 classi
Page 392 and 393:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 377 normal
Page 394 and 395:
Page 396 and 397:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 381 whose c
Page 398 and 399:
13 14 12 11 GI Tract 13 T RADIATION
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 387 REGION
Page 404 and 405:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 389 The bb
Page 406 and 407:
391 TABLE 8-18. Values of Absorbed
Page 408 and 409:
TABLE 8-19. Summary of Dose Calcula
Page 410 and 411:
TABLE 8-20. Dose Coefficients for S
Page 412 and 413:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 397 nation
Page 414 and 415:
and the total activity in the body
Page 416 and 417:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 401 segment
Page 418 and 419:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 403 where E
Page 420 and 421:
TABLE 8-22. Radioisotopes That Do N
Page 422 and 423:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 407 The sma
Page 424 and 425:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 409 TABLE 8
Page 426 and 427:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 411 Kentuck
Page 428 and 429:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 413 The fra
Page 430 and 431:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 415 ALI = 1
Page 432 and 433:
W Example 8.10 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
Page 434 and 435:
W Example 8.12 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
Page 436 and 437:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 421 Substit
Page 438 and 439:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 423 64. Inf
Page 440 and 441:
RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 425 16. Pro
Page 442 and 443:
HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION RADI
Page 444 and 445:
Gas-Filled Particle Counters HEALTH
Page 446 and 447:
HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 431
Page 448 and 449:
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
TABLE 9-2. Scintillating Materials
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Figure 9-10. Block diagram of a sin
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
DOSE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS HEALTH P
Page 464 and 465:
Response Normalized to Cs-137 10 Co
Page 466 and 467:
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Survey Meters: Ion Current Chambers
Page 478 and 479:
W Example 9.6 HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRU
Page 480 and 481:
NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS HEALTH PHYSICS
Page 482 and 483:
467 TABLE 9-4. Threshold Foil React
Page 484 and 485:
Page 486 and 487:
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
Count rate per unit flux 10 1 .1 .0
Page 492 and 493:
Page 494 and 495:
Solution HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
Page 496 and 497:
Neutrons TABLE 9-7. Calibration Sou
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Accuracy HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
and is often expressed as a percent
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
W Example 9.16 What is the MDA for
Page 516 and 517:
Rearranging Eq. (9.60) and applying
Page 518 and 519:
For the data in this example: HEALT
Page 520 and 521:
Solution X = 1589 7 = 227 (Xi −
Page 522 and 523:
Page 524 and 525:
Page 526 and 527:
Page 528 and 529:
10 EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY BASIC
Page 530 and 531:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 515 By th
Page 532 and 533:
W Example 10.2 EXTERNAL RADIATION S
Page 534 and 535:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 519 Figur
Page 536 and 537:
Page 538 and 539:
Au 198 Ir 192 Cs 137 EXTERNAL RADIA
Page 540 and 541:
Dose buildup factor, B Dose buildup
Page 542 and 543:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 527 layer
Page 544 and 545:
X-Rays EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 52
Page 546 and 547:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 531 recom
Page 548 and 549:
where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 533
Page 550 and 551:
535 TABLE 10-4. Values for the Para
Page 552 and 553:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 537 a sec
Page 554 and 555:
Page 556 and 557:
TABLE 10-6. Commercial Lead Sheets
Page 558 and 559:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 543 The o
Page 560 and 561:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 545 Dist
Page 562 and 563:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 547 by th
Page 564 and 565:
from Eqs. (10.26a) and (10.26b) int
Page 566 and 567:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 551 TABLE
Page 568 and 569:
Transmission 1.0 86 4 2 10 8 6 4 -1
Page 570 and 571:
EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 555 to 0.
Page 572 and 573:
The required lead-equivalent leaded
Page 574 and 575:
Wpri = primary barrier weekly workl
Page 576 and 577: where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 561
Page 578 and 579: W = workload, Gy/wk, T = occupancy
Page 580 and 581: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 565 Gamm
Page 582 and 583: where Ni = number of atoms of the i
Page 584 and 585: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 569 which
Page 586 and 587: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 571 is fo
Page 588 and 589: where C = cost per unit volume of t
Page 590 and 591: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 575 for a
Page 592 and 593: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 577 Calcu
Page 594 and 595: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 579 per
Page 596 and 597: EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 581 Patte
Page 598 and 599: 11 INTERNAL R ADIATION SAFETY INTER
Page 600 and 601: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 585 Figur
Page 604 and 605: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 589 regar
Page 606 and 607: 591 TABLE 11-3. Protection Factors
Page 608 and 609: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 593 the m
Page 610 and 611: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 595 TABLE
Page 612 and 613: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 597 the U
Page 616 and 617: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 601 effec
Page 618 and 619: 603 TABLE 11-7. Treatment Methods f
Page 620 and 621: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 605 or ba
Page 624 and 625: Figure 11-5. Gaussian plume dispers
Page 628 and 629: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 613 is 4
Page 630 and 631: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 615 Equat
Page 632 and 633: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 617 In ce
Page 634 and 635: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 619 In th
Page 636 and 637: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 621 Since
Page 638 and 639: W Example 11.7 INTERNAL RADIATION S
Page 640 and 641: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 625 In th
Page 642 and 643: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 627 (b) A
Page 644 and 645: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 629 a = c
Page 646 and 647: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 631 treat
Page 648 and 649: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 633 activ
Page 650 and 651: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 635 Cohen
Page 652 and 653: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 637 Repor
Page 654 and 655: CRITICALITY CRITICALITY HAZARD 12 O
Page 656 and 657: Potential energy E11 E12Em 2r Dista
Page 658 and 659: Fission Products CRITICALITY 643 Th
Page 660 and 661: CRITICALITY A2 = 2.35 × 10 15 1.2
Page 662 and 663: and will cause “fast fission.”
Page 664 and 665: W Example 12.3 CRITICALITY 649 Calc
Page 666 and 667: CRITICALITY 651 Making the very rea
Page 668 and 669: TABLE 12-3. Delayed Neutrons from t
Page 670 and 671: Power level dt t T τ then T = τ -
Page 672 and 673: CRITICALITY 657 TABLE 12-5. Activit
Page 674 and 675: TABLE 12-6. Minimum Critical Mass o
Page 676 and 677:
SUMMARY CRITICALITY 661 a criticali
Page 678 and 679:
CRITICALITY 663 12.10. The blood pl
Page 680 and 681:
CRITICALITY 665 Knief, R. A. Nuclea
Page 682 and 683:
EVALUATION OF RADIATION SAFETY MEAS
Page 684 and 685:
Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
Page 686 and 687:
Page 688 and 689:
Page 690 and 691:
Page 692 and 693:
Page 694 and 695:
W EXAMPLE 13.4 Evaluation of Radiat
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
Page 700 and 701:
Page 702 and 703:
Page 704 and 705:
Page 706 and 707:
Page 708 and 709:
Page 710 and 711:
Page 712 and 713:
Page 714 and 715:
Page 716 and 717:
W EXAMPLE 13.9 Evaluation of Radiat
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Page 722 and 723:
Page 724 and 725:
SUMMARY Evaluation of Radiation Saf
Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
(b) Are the distributions normal or
Page 730 and 731:
Page 732 and 733:
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 14 Non
Page 738 and 739:
Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
Page 740 and 741:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 725 hi
Page 742 and 743:
2.4 mW cm 2 E mW cm 2 = (50 cm)2 (1
Page 744 and 745:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 729 Fi
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 14-4. Beam cross sections fo
Page 750 and 751:
% Total Transmission 100 90 80 70 6
Page 752 and 753:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 737 TA
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
W Example 14.7 NONIONIZING RADIATIO
Page 760 and 761:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 745 Th
Page 762 and 763:
TABLE 14-12. Reflecting Materials N
Page 764 and 765:
Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
Page 766 and 767:
Solution The irradiance at the aper
Page 768 and 769:
Wavelengths (nm) NONIONIZING RADIAT
Page 770 and 771:
n = 300 pulses s × 10 seconds = 30
Page 772 and 773:
% of Peak 100 80 60 40 20 NONIONIZI
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
TABLE 14-16. Radar Bands FREQUENCY
Page 778 and 779:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 763 Al
Page 780 and 781:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 765 po
Page 782 and 783:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 767 Gr
Page 784 and 785:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 769 in
Page 786 and 787:
Since there is 1 J/s in a watt, 1.1
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Biological Effects NONIONIZING RADI
Page 792 and 793:
where Td = dry bulb temperature,
Page 794 and 795:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 779 to
Page 796 and 797:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 781 th
Page 798 and 799:
Dosimetry NONIONIZING RADIATION SAF
Page 800 and 801:
Page 802 and 803:
Page 804 and 805:
where S = power density, W/m 2 , ε
Page 806 and 807:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 791 ME
Page 808 and 809:
where A = attenuation, dB, t = shie
Page 810 and 811:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 795 th
Page 812 and 813:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 797 14
Page 814 and 815:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 799 SO
Page 816 and 817:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 801 Ha
Page 818 and 819:
APPENDIX A Values of Some Useful Co
Page 820 and 821:
APPENDIX B Table of the Elements NA
Page 822 and 823:
Table of the Elements (Continued) A
Page 824 and 825:
APPENDIX C The Reference Person Ove
Page 826 and 827:
Chemical Composition APPENDIX C. 81
Page 828 and 829:
Duration of Exposure 1. Occupationa
Page 830 and 831:
APPENDIX D SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTI
Page 832 and 833:
817 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
Page 834 and 835:
Page 836 and 837:
Page 838 and 839:
Page 840 and 841:
Page 842 and 843:
Page 844 and 845:
Page 846 and 847:
Page 848 and 849:
Page 850 and 851:
Page 852 and 853:
Page 854 and 855:
Page 856 and 857:
Page 858 and 859:
Page 860 and 861:
845 Target 0.200 0.500 1.000 1.500
Page 862 and 863:
Page 864 and 865:
Page 866 and 867:
APPENDIX E TOTAL MASS ATTENUATION C
Page 868 and 869:
APPENDIX F MASS ENERGY ABSORPTION C
Page 870 and 871:
ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2.1 0.53 m/s to
Page 872 and 873:
TVL Al 5.3 cm 0.1 MeV Cu 0.6 cm
Page 874 and 875:
12.2 Nuclide Bq/L pCi/mL 24 Na 1200
Page 876 and 877:
INDEX Page numbers followed by “t
Page 878 and 879:
Catecholamines, 303 Cavity ionizati
Page 880 and 881:
Energy Research and Development Adm
Page 882 and 883:
International Organization for Stan
Page 884 and 885:
n-p junction, 445 Nuclear bombings
Page 886 and 887:
Radium injections, 324 Radon daught
Page 888:
Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent di
show all

Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?