Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA), 409 Energy transfer, 26–44 alpha particles, 162–65 Environment, continuous monitoring, 706 Environmental control and hazard evaluation, 585–86 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 408–9 standards, 341–42 Environmental radon measurements, 703–5 Epidermis, 298 Epithelial cells, 296 Epithelial tissue, 296 Equilibrium wall thickness, 211 erg of work, 5 Error of a determination, 486 Erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBC), 290 Even-even nuclei, 78 Even-odd nuclei, 79 Excess absolute risk (EAR), 318–19 Excess reactivity, 652–54 Excess relative risk (EER), 317–18 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 294 Exponential absorption, 165–72 Exposure measurement, 207–13 Exposure rate, 206–11 Exposure to a carcinogen, 320 Exposure unit, 205–6 Exposure-dose relationship, 213–17 Extended source, 747 External exposure (submersion dose), 357 External radiation, 513 personal monitoring, 680–1 Extracellular fluid, 288 Extranuclear electrons, 79 Eye, 304–6 biomedical effects of UV radiation, 724 cataracts, 312 protection from laser, 750 pupil diameter, 305t radiosensitivity, 313 threshold for vision, 83 F F, see type F aerosols, see also cross sectional area of x-ray beam F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG), 552 False negative, 496 False positive, 496 Fast fission factor, 647 Far field, 762, 765 Fast neutrons, 185 hurst counter, 473 calibration source, 481–84 Fast-diffusion length/slowing-down length, 189 Fast-neutron exposure, 454–55 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 786 Federal Laser Product Performance Standard (FLPPS), 739 Federal Radiation Council (FRC), 408 laser safety classifications, 739–40 Ferromagnetic, 34 Film-badge dosimeters, 451–55 Index 865 Film-badge holder, 453 Filter media, 686–87 Filters, types of, see also air cleaning equipment, 604t, 689 Filtration of airborne particles, 686 First collision dose, 266 Fission energy released, 639, 640 product inventory, 654–58 products, 643–45 Fission rate, spontaneous, 640t Fissile material, 661 Fissionable isotopes, 640 Fluorescent radiation, 72 Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 552 Fluoroscopy installations, 531 Follicle-stimulating hormone, 301 Food daily intake, 357t Force, dimensions for, 4 Four-factor formula, 645–51 Four-stage cascade impactor, 695–96 Fovea centralis, 305 Fraction of the beam’s energy, 181 Fraunhofer region, 765 Free air chamber, 207–9 Free-space wavelengths, 37 Full face respirator, 590 Fuel cycle waste, 597t Fumes, 585 Functional residual capacity (FRC), 294 Full Width Half Maximum, FWHM, 442 G Galactic radiation, 110 Gain, 762–763 Gamma rays, 79, 96 Gamma ray constant, see specific gamma ray constant calibration source, 478–79 Gamma-emitting isotopes, 237–40 Gamma-radiation exposure level, 224 Gamma-ray attenuation, 165, 166f broad-beam geometry, 522–26 Gamma-ray energy, interaction of, 173–81 Gamma-ray photons, 437 Gaseous radioactivity, 396–99 Gas-filled particle counters, 429–34 Gas, radioactive treatment of, 603t, 604t, 605 Gastrointestinal tract (GI), 294, 296, 400–2 mean residence time, 400t Gauss, 35 Gaussian plume, straight-line trajectory model, 608–15 Geiger-Muëller (GM) counter, 26, 143, 144f, 432–34 quenching, 434 plateau, 433f GeLi detector, 446 Genetic damage through chromosomal aberrations, 316–17 Genetic risk estimates, 330 Genetic Doubling Dose, 318t Geometric mean, 357 Geometric standard deviation, 358 Geometry control, 659 Geometry factor, 239, 240t
866 Index Gestation period, 313 GI syndrome, 296, 309 GI Tract half times (residence times), 400t “Give in,” 28 Glove box, 586 Glomerulus, 300 Glow curve, 455 Glucocorticoids, 303 Goblet cells, 292 Gonadotrophic hormones, 301 Gonads, 303 radiosensitivity, 312 Goggle, laser safety, 750 Grab sample (Kusnetz method), 689–90, 704–5 Gradient wind, 610 Gravitational force between the electron and the proton, 15 Gravitational force between two bodies, 15 “Gravitational” mass, 15 Gravitational settling, 614 Gray, 203–4 Ground-level concentration of a gas, 614–15 Growth hormone (somatotropin), 302 Gy (100 rads), 315 carcinogenic effects of doses of , 317–20 H H-3 sampling, see tritium. Half value layer (HVL), 172–73 Half value thickness, 172 Half-life, 98–102 Half-mask or fullmask facepieces, 590 Half-time in GI tract, see GI tract half time Handling of radioactive materials, confinement and enclosure, 584–88 Haversian canal, 297 Hazards from radioactive contamination, environmental control of, 588–89 Health physicist, role in utilizing radiation sources, 1 Health physics instrument, choice for survey, 681–83 Health physics definition, 3 instruments, 427–28 practice, 690 role of annihilation radiation, 96 scientific and engineering aspects, 1 Hemopoiesis, 290 Hemopoietic syndrome, 308–9 High-level liquid wastes, 598–600 High-level radioactive waste (HLRW), 596 Hood protection factor (HPF), 588 Hood, 585–88 Protection factor 588 Hot particle, 310–311, 311t Hormones into the blood, 301 HPGe, 446 Human respiratory tract model, HRTM, see respiratory tract Hydrogen, 61 spectrum of, 61–62 Hydroxide flocs, 600 “Hypersensitive” individuals, 345 I I-131 mean beta energy, 245 ICRP, see also International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP 2 methodology, 402 ICRP 26, 339 effective dose, 348–49 medical exposure, 350 occupational exposure, 347 tissue weighting factors, 348t ICRP 30, see also dose criteria, 351–56 dosimetric model, 405–7 inhalation ALI, 369–73, see also Annual Limit on Intake methodology, 411–12 lung model, 365–69 ICRP 60 recommendations, 339, 347 inhalation ALI, 373 tissue weighting factors, 348t ICRP 66 human respiratory tract model (HRTM), see also respiratory tract, 373–94 assigned fractions of wT in lung, 385t deposition in respiratory tract, 379f, 379t partitioning, 380t solubility of gases and vapors, 393–94 Illuminated antenna aperture, 766–67 Immersion monitoring, 690 Impedance, 41–42 Impulse, 28 In vitro bioassay, 668–77 In vivo bioassay, 677–80 Inelastic collision, 29–31 Infinite multiplication factor, k∞, 645–46 Infinitesimal energy increment, 16–17 Inhaled radioactive particles, 362–65 Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 294 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, or Type 1 diabetes, 303 Intake retention fraction (IRF), 670–81 (bis) Intermediate field/Fresnel region, 765 Internal conversion, 96–98 Internal conversion coefficient (α), 97 Internal dosimetry, physiological basis for, 285–307 Internal exposure evaluation, 669 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 339–40 basic safety standards, 449–50 International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), 722 guidelines for occupational exposure, 791 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 338–39, see also dose methodology, 263–66 publication, 250 recommendations for inhaled aerosols, 367 risk estimates, 327 International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU), 340 International Electrochemical Commission (IEC), 428 International Labor Organization (ILO), 340 International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee (INIRC), 722
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics Herm
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To my wife, Sylvia and to the memor
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CONTENTS Preface/ XI 1. Introductio
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Surface Contamination Limits/592 Wa
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PREFACE The practice of radiation s
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION 1 Health physics, radi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES MECHA
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 5 In
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and at v = 0.99 c, m = 9.11 × 10
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 9 Sub
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 11 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 13 co
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17 (t
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Electrical Current: The Ampere REVI
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Solution REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIP
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 23 Ac
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V a b REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
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Elastic Collision REVIEW OF PHYSICA
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Force Time REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINC
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 31 5
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 33 Fi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 35 In
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or, in terms of the loss tangent,
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where Impedance t = time after clos
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 45 A
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therefore, Matter Waves REVIEW OF P
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SUMMARY REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPL
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 53 Ac
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55 2.
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 57 2.
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ATOMIC
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Bohr’s Atomic Model ATOMIC AND NU
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 63 2.
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The energy of this photon is E = hc
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 67 are
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 69 ene
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TABLE 3-1. Electronic Structure of
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 73 rad
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 75 spe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 77 whe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 79 neu
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SUMMARY ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTUR
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 83 3.1
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R ADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVITY 4
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R ADIATION SOURCES 87 Figure 4-2. T
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R ADIATION SOURCES 89 Figure 4-3. R
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R ADIATION SOURCES 91 Figure 4-4. P
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Figure 4-7. Iodine-131 transformati
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R ADIATION SOURCES 95 Since positro
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R ADIATION SOURCES 97 level of high
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R ADIATION SOURCES 99 From the defi
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R ADIATION SOURCES 101 determined b
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R ADIATION SOURCES 103 sum of the l
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R ADIATION SOURCES 105 of activity
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Solution SA 14 10 226 × 1600 yea
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and the number of radioactive atoms
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W EXAMPLE 4.8 R ADIATION SOURCES 11
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TABLE 4-2. Neptunium Series (4n +1)
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TABLE 4-4. Actinium Series (4n +3)
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R ADIATION SOURCES 117 TABLE 4-6. A
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The integrand can be changed to the
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Figure 4-14. Secular equilibrium: B
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R ADIATION SOURCES 123 of the daugh
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R ADIATION SOURCES 125 By the use o
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Expanding and collecting terms, we
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R ADIATION SOURCES 129 Figure 4-17.
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Deflector Vacuum pump External deam
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Substituting the value of r from Eq
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R ADIATION SOURCES 135 before it is
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R ADIATION SOURCES 137 4.18. What w
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R ADIATION SOURCES 139 4.43. 100-mC
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R ADIATION SOURCES 141 Report No. 1
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTE
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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TABLE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
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W EXAMPLE 5.12 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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Classification TABLE 5-6. α, n Neu
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W EXAMPLE 5.14 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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since ln E =−ξ, E 0 E E 0 = e
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where INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
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UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 During
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Solution The radiation absorbed dos
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 207 The relatio
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 209 The use of
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 211 Since one e
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 213 Figure 6-5.
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The radiation absorbed dose rate fr
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 217 Figure 6-6.
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219 TABLE 6-1. Mean Mass Stopping P
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 221 The exposur
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W Example 6.9 RADIATION DOSIMETRY 2
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 225 This calcul
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where ϕ = intensity at depth t, ϕ
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 229 Assuming th
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When we combine the constants in Eq
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Solution RADIATION DOSIMETRY 233 Ph
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 235 In most ins
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 237 first-order
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 239 Integrating
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Medical Internal Radiation Dose Met
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 243 1 Bq/cm 3 o
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W Example 6.16 RADIATION DOSIMETRY
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for 131I listed in the output data
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then the total dose to the target o
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251 TABLE 6-8. Absorbed Fractions (
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 253 which was f
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255 TABLE 6-9. S, Absorbed Dose per
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257 TABLE 6-10. S, Absorbed Dose Pe
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 259 values of S
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 261 S (kidney
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 263 and MIRD Pa
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 265 the 50-year
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TABLE 6-11. Synthetic Tissue Compos
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Solution Dn,p = The dose rate due t
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 271 6.2. An air
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 273 (a) Plot th
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 275 the averag
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 277 No. 7. Berg
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7 BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RADIATION SA
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Na + K + BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADI
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TLC VC IC FRC IRV TV RV RV BIOLOGIC
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Capillary knot Vein BIOLOGICAL BASI
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Cell body One nerve cell Axon Nucle
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Aqueous humor Cornea Iris Lens Vitr
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Leucocytes and lymphocytes (x10 −
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TABLE 7-5. Tissue Dose Rate vs. Dis
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Birth Defects (Teratogenesis) BIOLO
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Cancer BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIAT
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Incidence Incidence General form Do
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 8 Radiation
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 339 radiati
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 341 members
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 343 is a me
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 345 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 347 by radi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 349 radiati
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Dose Coefficient RADIATION SAFETY G
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 353 appropr
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 355 The cal
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Airborne Radioactivity RADIATION SA
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 359 collisi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 361 is 1 g/
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 365 can be
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 367 total w
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 369 TABLE 8
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compartment after a time t is given
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 373 Now we
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 375 classi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 377 normal
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 381 whose c
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13 14 12 11 GI Tract 13 T RADIATION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 387 REGION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 389 The bb
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391 TABLE 8-18. Values of Absorbed
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TABLE 8-19. Summary of Dose Calcula
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TABLE 8-20. Dose Coefficients for S
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 397 nation
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and the total activity in the body
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 401 segment
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 403 where E
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TABLE 8-22. Radioisotopes That Do N
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 407 The sma
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 409 TABLE 8
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 411 Kentuck
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 413 The fra
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 415 ALI = 1
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W Example 8.10 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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W Example 8.12 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 421 Substit
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 423 64. Inf
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 425 16. Pro
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION RADI
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Gas-Filled Particle Counters HEALTH
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 431
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TABLE 9-2. Scintillating Materials
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Figure 9-10. Block diagram of a sin
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DOSE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS HEALTH P
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Response Normalized to Cs-137 10 Co
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Survey Meters: Ion Current Chambers
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W Example 9.6 HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRU
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NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS HEALTH PHYSICS
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467 TABLE 9-4. Threshold Foil React
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Count rate per unit flux 10 1 .1 .0
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Solution HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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Neutrons TABLE 9-7. Calibration Sou
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Accuracy HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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and is often expressed as a percent
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W Example 9.16 What is the MDA for
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Rearranging Eq. (9.60) and applying
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For the data in this example: HEALT
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Solution X = 1589 7 = 227 (Xi −
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10 EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY BASIC
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 515 By th
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W Example 10.2 EXTERNAL RADIATION S
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 519 Figur
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Au 198 Ir 192 Cs 137 EXTERNAL RADIA
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Dose buildup factor, B Dose buildup
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 527 layer
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X-Rays EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 52
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 531 recom
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 533
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535 TABLE 10-4. Values for the Para
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 537 a sec
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TABLE 10-6. Commercial Lead Sheets
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 543 The o
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 545 Dist
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 547 by th
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from Eqs. (10.26a) and (10.26b) int
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 551 TABLE
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Transmission 1.0 86 4 2 10 8 6 4 -1
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 555 to 0.
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The required lead-equivalent leaded
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Wpri = primary barrier weekly workl
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 561
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W = workload, Gy/wk, T = occupancy
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 565 Gamm
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where Ni = number of atoms of the i
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 569 which
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 571 is fo
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where C = cost per unit volume of t
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 575 for a
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 577 Calcu
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 579 per
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 581 Patte
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11 INTERNAL R ADIATION SAFETY INTER
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 585 Figur
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 589 regar
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591 TABLE 11-3. Protection Factors
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 593 the m
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 595 TABLE
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 597 the U
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 601 effec
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603 TABLE 11-7. Treatment Methods f
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 605 or ba
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Figure 11-5. Gaussian plume dispers
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TABLE 11-10. Pasquill’s Categorie
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 613 is 4
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 615 Equat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 617 In ce
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 619 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 621 Since
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W Example 11.7 INTERNAL RADIATION S
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 625 In th
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 627 (b) A
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 629 a = c
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 631 treat
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 633 activ
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 635 Cohen
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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 637 Repor
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CRITICALITY CRITICALITY HAZARD 12 O
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Potential energy E11 E12Em 2r Dista
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Fission Products CRITICALITY 643 Th
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CRITICALITY A2 = 2.35 × 10 15 1.2
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and will cause “fast fission.”
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W Example 12.3 CRITICALITY 649 Calc
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CRITICALITY 651 Making the very rea
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TABLE 12-3. Delayed Neutrons from t
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Power level dt t T τ then T = τ -
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CRITICALITY 657 TABLE 12-5. Activit
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TABLE 12-6. Minimum Critical Mass o
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SUMMARY CRITICALITY 661 a criticali
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CRITICALITY 663 12.10. The blood pl
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CRITICALITY 665 Knief, R. A. Nuclea
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EVALUATION OF RADIATION SAFETY MEAS
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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W EXAMPLE 13.4 Evaluation of Radiat
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W EXAMPLE 13.9 Evaluation of Radiat
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SUMMARY Evaluation of Radiation Saf
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(b) Are the distributions normal or
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 14 Non
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Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 725 hi
Page 742 and 743:
2.4 mW cm 2 E mW cm 2 = (50 cm)2 (1
Page 744 and 745:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 729 Fi
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 14-4. Beam cross sections fo
Page 750 and 751:
% Total Transmission 100 90 80 70 6
Page 752 and 753:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 737 TA
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
W Example 14.7 NONIONIZING RADIATIO
Page 760 and 761:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 745 Th
Page 762 and 763:
TABLE 14-12. Reflecting Materials N
Page 764 and 765:
Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
Page 766 and 767:
Solution The irradiance at the aper
Page 768 and 769:
Wavelengths (nm) NONIONIZING RADIAT
Page 770 and 771:
n = 300 pulses s × 10 seconds = 30
Page 772 and 773:
% of Peak 100 80 60 40 20 NONIONIZI
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
TABLE 14-16. Radar Bands FREQUENCY
Page 778 and 779:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 763 Al
Page 780 and 781:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 765 po
Page 782 and 783:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 767 Gr
Page 784 and 785:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 769 in
Page 786 and 787:
Since there is 1 J/s in a watt, 1.1
Page 788 and 789:
Page 790 and 791:
Biological Effects NONIONIZING RADI
Page 792 and 793:
where Td = dry bulb temperature,
Page 794 and 795:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 779 to
Page 796 and 797:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 781 th
Page 798 and 799:
Dosimetry NONIONIZING RADIATION SAF
Page 800 and 801:
Page 802 and 803:
Page 804 and 805:
where S = power density, W/m 2 , ε
Page 806 and 807:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 791 ME
Page 808 and 809:
where A = attenuation, dB, t = shie
Page 810 and 811:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 795 th
Page 812 and 813:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 797 14
Page 814 and 815:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 799 SO
Page 816 and 817:
NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 801 Ha
Page 818 and 819:
APPENDIX A Values of Some Useful Co
Page 820 and 821:
APPENDIX B Table of the Elements NA
Page 822 and 823:
Table of the Elements (Continued) A
Page 824 and 825:
APPENDIX C The Reference Person Ove
Page 826 and 827:
Chemical Composition APPENDIX C. 81
Page 828 and 829:
Duration of Exposure 1. Occupationa
Page 830 and 831: APPENDIX D SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTI
Page 832 and 833: 817 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
Page 860 and 861: 845 Target 0.200 0.500 1.000 1.500
Page 866 and 867: APPENDIX E TOTAL MASS ATTENUATION C
Page 868 and 869: APPENDIX F MASS ENERGY ABSORPTION C
Page 870 and 871: ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2.1 0.53 m/s to
Page 872 and 873: TVL Al 5.3 cm 0.1 MeV Cu 0.6 cm
Page 874 and 875: 12.2 Nuclide Bq/L pCi/mL 24 Na 1200
Page 876 and 877: INDEX Page numbers followed by “t
Page 878 and 879: Catecholamines, 303 Cavity ionizati
Page 882 and 883: International Organization for Stan
Page 884 and 885: n-p junction, 445 Nuclear bombings
Page 886 and 887: Radium injections, 324 Radon daught
Page 888: Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent di
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Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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