Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 635 Cohen, B. L. The Nuclear Energy Option. Plenum Press, New York, 1990. Dennis, R., ed. Handbook on Aerosols. TID-26608, NTIS, Springfield, VA, 1976. Drinker, P. and Hatch, T. Industrial Dust. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954. Dunlap, R. E., Kraft, M. E., and Rosa, E. A. Public Reactions to Nuclear Waste. Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1993. Eicholz, G. G. Environmental Aspects of Nuclear Power. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1976. Eisenbud, M., and Gesell, T. Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources, 4th ed. Academic Press, New York, 1997. Faw, R. E., and Shultis, J. K. Radiological Assessment. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1993. Fiber, G. J., Heffter, J. L., and Klement, A. W. Meteorological dispersion of released radioactivity, in Klement, A. W., ed. Handbook of Environmental Radiation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1982. Garrick, J. Contemporary issues in risk-informed decision making on the disposition of radioactive wastes. Health Phys, 91:430–448, 2006. Green, H. L., and Lane, W. R. Particulate Clouds: Dusts, Smokes, and Mists. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1964. Hawkins, M. B. The design of laboratories for the safe handling of radioisotopes, in Coleman, H.S., ed. Laboratory Design. Reinhold Publishing Co., New York, 1951. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna. Generic Intervention Levels for Protecting the Public in the Event of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, 1993. Handling of Tritium Bearing Wastes, 1981. Radioactive Waste Management Glossary, 1993. Separation, Storage, and Disposal of Krypton-85, 1980. Safety Reports Series No. 21. Optimization of Radiation Protection in the Control of Occupational Exposure, 2002. 27. Monitoring and Surveillance of Residues from the Mining and Milling of Uranium and Thorium, 2002. 33. Radiation Protection against Radon in Workplaces other than Mines, 2003. 34. Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industries, 2003. 35. Surveillance and Monitoring of Near Surface Disposal Facilities for Radioactive Waste, 2004. Safety Series No. 22. Respirators and Protective Clothing, 1967. 29. Application of Meteorology to Safety at Nuclear Plants, 1968. 30. Manual on Safety Aspects of the Design and Equipment of Hot Laboratories, 1981. 45. Principles for Establishing Limits for the Release of Radioactive Materials into the Environment, 1978. 39. Safe Handling of Plutonium, 1974. 48. Manual on Decontamination of Surfaces, 1979. 50. Atmospheric Dispersion in Nuclear Power Plant Siting, 1980. 77. Principles for Limiting Releases of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment, 1986. 104. Extension of the Principles of Radiation Protection to Sources of Potential Exposure, 1990. 115. Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Nuclear Sources, 1996. Radiation Safety Standards Series No.: NS-G-3.4. Meteorological Events in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Power Plants, 2003. NS-G-1.13. Radiation Protection Aspects in the Design of Nuclear Power Plants, 2005. RS-G-1.1. Occupational Radiation Protection, 1999. RS-G-1.2. Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to Intakes of Radionuclides, 1999. RS-G-1.5. Radiological Protection for Medical Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, 2004. RS-G-1.6. Occupational Radiation Protection in the Mining and Processing of Raw Materials Safety Guide, 2004. RS-G-1.8. Environmental and Source Monitoring for Purposes of Radiation Protection, 2005. RS-G-1.9. Categorization of Radioactive Sources Safety Guide, 2005. TS-G-1.2. Planning and Preparing for Emergency Response to Traffic Accidents Involving Radioactive Material, 2002. TS-R-1. Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials, 2005. WS-R-1. Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste Safety Requirements, 1999. WS-R-2. Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, Including Decommissioning Requirements, 2000. WS-G-1.2. Management of Radioactive Waste from the Mining and Milling of Ore, 2002.
636 CHAPTER 11 WS-G-2.3. Regulatory Control of Radioactive Discharges to the Environment, 2000. WS-G-2.5. Predisposal Management of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste, 2003. WS-G-2.6. Predisposal Management of High Level Radioactive Waste Safety, 2003. Symposium Series a. The Oklo Phenomenon, 1975. b. Underground Disposal, 1980. c. Optimization of Radiation Protection, 1986. d. Environmental Impact of Radioactive Releases, 1995. e. Radioactive Waste Management—Turning Options into Solutions, 2000. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K. The Assessment of Internal Contamination Resulting from Recurrent or Prolonged Uptakes. ICRP Publication 10, 1971. Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers (8-volume set with index), 1989. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). Annals of the ICRP, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K. Report No. 25. Handling and Disposal of Radioactive Materials in Hospitals, 1(2), 1977. 29. Radionuclide Release into the Environment—Assessment of Doses to Man, 2(2), 1979. 37. Cost Benefit Analysis in the Optimization of Radiation Protection, 10(2,3), 1983. 38. Radionuclide Transformations: Energy and Intensity of Emissions, 11–13, 1983. 46. Radiation Protection Principles for the Disposal of Solid Radioactive Waste, 15(4), 1986. 47. Radiation Protection of Workers in Mines, 16(1), 1986. 52. Protection of the Patient in Nuclear Medicine, 17(4), 1988. 54. Individual Monitoring for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers: Design and Interpretation, 19(1–3), 1988. 55.Optimization and Decision Making in Radiological Protection, 20(1), 1989. 56. Age-Dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides, Part 1, 20(2), 1990. 57. Radiological Protection of the Worker in Medicine and Dentistry, 20(3), 1990. 60. 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, 21(1–3), 1991. 61. Annual Limits on Intake of Radionuclides by Workers Based on the 1990 Recommendations, 21(4), 1991. 62. Principles for Intervention for Protection of the Public in a Radiological Emergency, 22(4), 1993. 65. Protection Against Radon-222 at Home and at Work, 1994. 66. Human Respiratory Tract Model for Radiological Protection, 24(1–3), 1994. 77. Radiological Protection Policy for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste, 27(Supplement), 1998. 78. Individual Monitoring for Internal Exposure of Workers; Replacement of ICRP Publication 54, 27(3,4), 1997. 81. Radiation Protection Recommendations as Applied to the Disposal of Long-Lived Solid Radioactive Waste, 28(4), 1998. 88. Doses to the Embryo and Fetus from Intakes of Radionuclides by the Mother, 31(1–3), 2001. 95. Doses to Infants from Ingestion of Radionuclides in Mothers’ Milk, 34(3,4), 2004. Supporting Guidance 3. Guide for the Practical Application of the ICRP Human Respiratory Tract Model, 32(1,2), 2002. Jirka, G. H., Findikakis, A. N., Onishi, Y., and Ryan, P. J. Transport of radionuclides in surface waters, in Till, J. E., Meyer, H. R., eds. Radiological Assessment. NUREG/CR-3332, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, 1983. Kaye, G. I., Methe, B. M., and Weber, P. B. Low-level waste management in an academic medical center, in Eicholz, G. G., Shonka, J. J., eds. Hospital Health Physics. Research Enterprises, Richland, WA, 1993. Leggett, R. W., and Eckerman, K. F. Dosimetric Significance of the ICRP’sUpdated Guidance and Models, 1989– 2003, and Implications for U.S. Federal Guidance, ORNL/TM-2003/207, U.S. Dept of Energy, Washington, DC, 2003. Lewis, E. E. Nuclear Power Reactor Safety. Wiley Interscience, New York, 1977. Miller, K. L. Handbook of Management of Radiation Protection Programs, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1992. More, J. A., and Kearfott, K. J. A simple radon chamber for educational use. Oper Radiat Saf, 89:S78–S84, 2005. National Bureau of Standards. Recommendations for the Disposal of Carbon-14 Waste. NBS Handbook 53, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1953. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP). Bethesda, MD.
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics Herm
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To my wife, Sylvia and to the memor
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CONTENTS Preface/ XI 1. Introductio
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Surface Contamination Limits/592 Wa
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PREFACE The practice of radiation s
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INTRODUCTION TO Health Physics
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INTRODUCTION 1 Health physics, radi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES MECHA
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 5 In
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and at v = 0.99 c, m = 9.11 × 10
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 9 Sub
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 11 Th
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 13 co
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 17 (t
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Electrical Current: The Ampere REVI
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Solution REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIP
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 23 Ac
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V a b REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
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Elastic Collision REVIEW OF PHYSICA
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Force Time REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINC
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 31 5
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 33 Fi
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 35 In
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or, in terms of the loss tangent,
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where Impedance t = time after clos
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 45 A
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therefore, Matter Waves REVIEW OF P
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SUMMARY REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPL
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 53 Ac
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 55 2.
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REVIEW OF PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES 57 2.
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE ATOMIC
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Bohr’s Atomic Model ATOMIC AND NU
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 63 2.
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The energy of this photon is E = hc
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 67 are
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 69 ene
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TABLE 3-1. Electronic Structure of
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 73 rad
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 75 spe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 77 whe
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 79 neu
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SUMMARY ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTUR
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ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE 83 3.1
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R ADIATION SOURCES RADIOACTIVITY 4
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R ADIATION SOURCES 87 Figure 4-2. T
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R ADIATION SOURCES 89 Figure 4-3. R
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R ADIATION SOURCES 91 Figure 4-4. P
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Figure 4-7. Iodine-131 transformati
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R ADIATION SOURCES 95 Since positro
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R ADIATION SOURCES 97 level of high
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R ADIATION SOURCES 99 From the defi
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R ADIATION SOURCES 101 determined b
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R ADIATION SOURCES 103 sum of the l
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R ADIATION SOURCES 105 of activity
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Solution SA 14 10 226 × 1600 yea
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and the number of radioactive atoms
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W EXAMPLE 4.8 R ADIATION SOURCES 11
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TABLE 4-2. Neptunium Series (4n +1)
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TABLE 4-4. Actinium Series (4n +3)
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R ADIATION SOURCES 117 TABLE 4-6. A
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The integrand can be changed to the
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Figure 4-14. Secular equilibrium: B
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R ADIATION SOURCES 123 of the daugh
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R ADIATION SOURCES 125 By the use o
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Expanding and collecting terms, we
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R ADIATION SOURCES 129 Figure 4-17.
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Deflector Vacuum pump External deam
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Substituting the value of r from Eq
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R ADIATION SOURCES 135 before it is
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R ADIATION SOURCES 137 4.18. What w
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R ADIATION SOURCES 139 4.43. 100-mC
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R ADIATION SOURCES 141 Report No. 1
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTE
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INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH M ATT
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TABLE 5-2. Bremsstrahlung Spectrum
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W EXAMPLE 5.12 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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Classification TABLE 5-6. α, n Neu
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W EXAMPLE 5.14 INTERACTION OF RADIA
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since ln E =−ξ, E 0 E E 0 = e
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where INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
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UNITS RADIATION DOSIMETRY 6 During
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Solution The radiation absorbed dos
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 207 The relatio
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 209 The use of
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 211 Since one e
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 213 Figure 6-5.
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The radiation absorbed dose rate fr
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 217 Figure 6-6.
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219 TABLE 6-1. Mean Mass Stopping P
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 221 The exposur
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W Example 6.9 RADIATION DOSIMETRY 2
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 225 This calcul
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where ϕ = intensity at depth t, ϕ
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 229 Assuming th
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When we combine the constants in Eq
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Solution RADIATION DOSIMETRY 233 Ph
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 235 In most ins
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 237 first-order
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 239 Integrating
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Medical Internal Radiation Dose Met
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 243 1 Bq/cm 3 o
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W Example 6.16 RADIATION DOSIMETRY
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for 131I listed in the output data
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then the total dose to the target o
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251 TABLE 6-8. Absorbed Fractions (
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 253 which was f
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255 TABLE 6-9. S, Absorbed Dose per
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257 TABLE 6-10. S, Absorbed Dose Pe
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 259 values of S
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 261 S (kidney
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 263 and MIRD Pa
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 265 the 50-year
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TABLE 6-11. Synthetic Tissue Compos
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Solution Dn,p = The dose rate due t
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 271 6.2. An air
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 273 (a) Plot th
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 275 the averag
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RADIATION DOSIMETRY 277 No. 7. Berg
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7 BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR RADIATION SA
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BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIATION SAF
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Na + K + BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADI
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TLC VC IC FRC IRV TV RV RV BIOLOGIC
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Capillary knot Vein BIOLOGICAL BASI
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Cell body One nerve cell Axon Nucle
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Aqueous humor Cornea Iris Lens Vitr
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Leucocytes and lymphocytes (x10 −
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TABLE 7-5. Tissue Dose Rate vs. Dis
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Birth Defects (Teratogenesis) BIOLO
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Cancer BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR R ADIAT
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Incidence Incidence General form Do
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 8 Radiation
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 339 radiati
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 341 members
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 343 is a me
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 345 Figure
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 347 by radi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 349 radiati
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Dose Coefficient RADIATION SAFETY G
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 353 appropr
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 355 The cal
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Airborne Radioactivity RADIATION SA
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 359 collisi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 361 is 1 g/
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 365 can be
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 367 total w
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 369 TABLE 8
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compartment after a time t is given
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 373 Now we
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 375 classi
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 377 normal
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 381 whose c
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13 14 12 11 GI Tract 13 T RADIATION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 387 REGION
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 389 The bb
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391 TABLE 8-18. Values of Absorbed
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TABLE 8-19. Summary of Dose Calcula
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TABLE 8-20. Dose Coefficients for S
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 397 nation
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and the total activity in the body
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 401 segment
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 403 where E
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TABLE 8-22. Radioisotopes That Do N
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 407 The sma
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 409 TABLE 8
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 411 Kentuck
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 413 The fra
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 415 ALI = 1
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W Example 8.10 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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W Example 8.12 RADIATION SAFETY GUI
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 421 Substit
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 423 64. Inf
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RADIATION SAFETY GUIDES 425 16. Pro
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION RADI
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Gas-Filled Particle Counters HEALTH
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HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTATION 431
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TABLE 9-2. Scintillating Materials
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Figure 9-10. Block diagram of a sin
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DOSE-MEASURING INSTRUMENTS HEALTH P
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Response Normalized to Cs-137 10 Co
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Survey Meters: Ion Current Chambers
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W Example 9.6 HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRU
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NEUTRON MEASUREMENTS HEALTH PHYSICS
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467 TABLE 9-4. Threshold Foil React
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Count rate per unit flux 10 1 .1 .0
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Solution HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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Neutrons TABLE 9-7. Calibration Sou
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Accuracy HEALTH PHYSICS INSTRUMENTA
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and is often expressed as a percent
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W Example 9.16 What is the MDA for
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Rearranging Eq. (9.60) and applying
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For the data in this example: HEALT
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Solution X = 1589 7 = 227 (Xi −
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10 EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY BASIC
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 515 By th
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W Example 10.2 EXTERNAL RADIATION S
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 519 Figur
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Au 198 Ir 192 Cs 137 EXTERNAL RADIA
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Dose buildup factor, B Dose buildup
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 527 layer
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X-Rays EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 52
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 531 recom
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 533
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535 TABLE 10-4. Values for the Para
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 537 a sec
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TABLE 10-6. Commercial Lead Sheets
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 543 The o
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 545 Dist
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 547 by th
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from Eqs. (10.26a) and (10.26b) int
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 551 TABLE
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Transmission 1.0 86 4 2 10 8 6 4 -1
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 555 to 0.
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The required lead-equivalent leaded
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Wpri = primary barrier weekly workl
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where EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 561
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W = workload, Gy/wk, T = occupancy
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 565 Gamm
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where Ni = number of atoms of the i
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 569 which
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 571 is fo
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where C = cost per unit volume of t
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 575 for a
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 577 Calcu
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 579 per
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EXTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 581 Patte
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11 INTERNAL R ADIATION SAFETY INTER
Page 600 and 601: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 585 Figur
Page 604 and 605: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 589 regar
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Page 608 and 609: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 593 the m
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Page 612 and 613: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 597 the U
Page 616 and 617: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 601 effec
Page 618 and 619: 603 TABLE 11-7. Treatment Methods f
Page 620 and 621: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 605 or ba
Page 624 and 625: Figure 11-5. Gaussian plume dispers
Page 626 and 627: TABLE 11-10. Pasquill’s Categorie
Page 628 and 629: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 613 is 4
Page 630 and 631: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 615 Equat
Page 632 and 633: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 617 In ce
Page 634 and 635: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 619 In th
Page 636 and 637: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 621 Since
Page 638 and 639: W Example 11.7 INTERNAL RADIATION S
Page 640 and 641: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 625 In th
Page 642 and 643: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 627 (b) A
Page 644 and 645: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 629 a = c
Page 646 and 647: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 631 treat
Page 648 and 649: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 633 activ
Page 652 and 653: INTERNAL RADIATION SAFETY 637 Repor
Page 654 and 655: CRITICALITY CRITICALITY HAZARD 12 O
Page 656 and 657: Potential energy E11 E12Em 2r Dista
Page 658 and 659: Fission Products CRITICALITY 643 Th
Page 660 and 661: CRITICALITY A2 = 2.35 × 10 15 1.2
Page 662 and 663: and will cause “fast fission.”
Page 664 and 665: W Example 12.3 CRITICALITY 649 Calc
Page 666 and 667: CRITICALITY 651 Making the very rea
Page 668 and 669: TABLE 12-3. Delayed Neutrons from t
Page 670 and 671: Power level dt t T τ then T = τ -
Page 672 and 673: CRITICALITY 657 TABLE 12-5. Activit
Page 674 and 675: TABLE 12-6. Minimum Critical Mass o
Page 676 and 677: SUMMARY CRITICALITY 661 a criticali
Page 678 and 679: CRITICALITY 663 12.10. The blood pl
Page 680 and 681: CRITICALITY 665 Knief, R. A. Nuclea
Page 682 and 683: EVALUATION OF RADIATION SAFETY MEAS
Page 684 and 685: Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
Page 694 and 695: W EXAMPLE 13.4 Evaluation of Radiat
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Evaluation of Radiation Safety Meas
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W EXAMPLE 13.9 Evaluation of Radiat
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SUMMARY Evaluation of Radiation Saf
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(b) Are the distributions normal or
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 14 Non
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Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 725 hi
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2.4 mW cm 2 E mW cm 2 = (50 cm)2 (1
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 729 Fi
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Figure 14-4. Beam cross sections fo
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% Total Transmission 100 90 80 70 6
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 737 TA
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W Example 14.7 NONIONIZING RADIATIO
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 745 Th
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TABLE 14-12. Reflecting Materials N
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Solution NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFE
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Solution The irradiance at the aper
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Wavelengths (nm) NONIONIZING RADIAT
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n = 300 pulses s × 10 seconds = 30
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% of Peak 100 80 60 40 20 NONIONIZI
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TABLE 14-16. Radar Bands FREQUENCY
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 763 Al
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 765 po
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 767 Gr
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 769 in
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Since there is 1 J/s in a watt, 1.1
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Biological Effects NONIONIZING RADI
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where Td = dry bulb temperature,
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 779 to
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 781 th
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Dosimetry NONIONIZING RADIATION SAF
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where S = power density, W/m 2 , ε
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 791 ME
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where A = attenuation, dB, t = shie
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 795 th
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 797 14
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 799 SO
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NONIONIZING RADIATION SAFETY 801 Ha
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APPENDIX A Values of Some Useful Co
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APPENDIX B Table of the Elements NA
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Table of the Elements (Continued) A
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APPENDIX C The Reference Person Ove
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Chemical Composition APPENDIX C. 81
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Duration of Exposure 1. Occupationa
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APPENDIX D SPECIFIC ABSORBED FRACTI
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817 Energy in (MeV) Target 0.200 0.
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845 Target 0.200 0.500 1.000 1.500
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APPENDIX E TOTAL MASS ATTENUATION C
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APPENDIX F MASS ENERGY ABSORPTION C
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ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 2.1 0.53 m/s to
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TVL Al 5.3 cm 0.1 MeV Cu 0.6 cm
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12.2 Nuclide Bq/L pCi/mL 24 Na 1200
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INDEX Page numbers followed by “t
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Catecholamines, 303 Cavity ionizati
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Energy Research and Development Adm
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International Organization for Stan
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n-p junction, 445 Nuclear bombings
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Radium injections, 324 Radon daught
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Type 2, or non-insulin-dependent di
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Introduction to Health Physics: Fourth Edition - Ruang Baca FMIPA UB

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