A CONSPECTUS OF THE LICHEN GENUS STEREOCAULON ...

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192 Journ. Hattori Bot. Lab. No. 43 1977 or intermixtures of other species may be present. We have mentioned such cases in our listing when they were detected in the limited number of sets examined. Stereocaulon belongs to the class Ascomycetes, subclass Ascomycetidae, order Lecanorales, family Stereocaulaceae, which also includes the genera Argopsis, Compsocladium and Pilophorus (HENSSEN and JAHNS, 1974; POELT in AHMADJIAN and HALE, 1973). According to COOKE and HAWKSWORTH (1970) the first valid publication of the family Stereocaulaceae was by CHEVALLIER, 1826-27, as an "order", with the spelling "Stereocauleae". The characters of the family are: fruit body an apothecium; ontogeny gymnocarpic; developmental type ascohymenial; asci unitunicate; true paraphyses present; erect structure a pseudopodetium; phycobiont of thallus Chlorophyceae; cephalodia present (HENSSEN and JAHNS, 1974). In Stereocaulon the spores are elongateellipsoid to cylindrical-fusiform or vermiform, transversely multiseptate (very rarely with 1 or 2 longitudinal septa); in Argopsis muriform or submuriform; in Compsocladium acicular or filiform, transversely multiseptate; and in Pilophorus simple (unicellular). The generic epithet Stereocaulon (SCHREB.) HOFFM. (1796) is a conserved name (LANJOUW et al., Int. Bot. Code, 1966, p. 247)'. It is conserved against Stereocaulon SCHRAD. (1794), which was based on Lichen corallinus L.,=Pertusaria corallina (L.) ARN., and also against Coralloides HOFFM. (1790, non WOLF, 17763), which was based on Lichen paschalis L. (also the type species of Stereocaulon HOFFM.). Leprocat~lon NYL., which has commonly been included in Stereocaulon, is a distinct and unrelated genus; see LAMB and WARD, 1974. The first published monographic treatment of the genus was by TH. FRIES (1857, 1858). Prior to that date at least two monographic studies appear to have existed in manuscript, by DELISE and by LAURER; references are found in the early literature and on old herbarium labels to "Delise Monogr. ined." and "Laur. Monogr. ined." Later published studies, with the exception of those of DODGE (1929) and LAMB (1951), have been mostly regional, the most important being by MAGNUSSON (1926), FREY (1932), KERSHAW (1960), POELT (1969), DAHL and KROG (1973) for the European species, RIDDLE (1910) for the North American species, and YOSHIMURA (1974) for the Japanese species. A study of the pseudopodetial and apothecial ontogeny in several species of Stereocaulon was made by JAHNS (1970), who confirmed the validity of the criteria on which the subgenera Enteropodium (= Stereocaulon) and Holostelidium LAMB (1951) The first usage of the epithet Stereocaulon was by SCHREBER (1791), as Lichen sect. Stereocaulon. He did not mention any species, but it is probable that he included in the section species of both Stereocaulon and Pertusaria. On account of the fact that SCHREBER did not mention any type species, the question of subsequent typification of the genus arises. The first typification was that of SCHRADER, 1794, on Lichen corallinus L. (=Pertusaria corallina (L.) ARN.), but this is now rejected. HOFFMANN, 1796, included several species, including St. paschale (L.) HOFFM., in Stereocaulon, without citing any particular one of them as the type species. As far as we have been able to ascertain, the first lectotypification of the genus on St. paschale (L.) HOFFM. was by CLEMENTS and SHEAR on p. 320 of "The Genera of Fungi" (1931), where the genus is written "Stereocaulurn", and this lectotypification is approved by the entry in the International Code (LANJOUW et al., 1966). The lectotype of Coralloides WOLF (1776) is Lichen subulatus L. (=CIadonia subulata (L.) WIGG.); see Ross, 1966.
I. MACKENZIE LAMB: A Conspectus of Stereocaulon 193 were established. The system of subgeneric classification here presented (p. 195 et sqq.) is based on that originally proposed by the present author (LAMB, 1951) with alterations derived from subsequent further study, and also incorporating certain features of the scheme elaborated by DUVIGNEAUD in his excellent treatment of the Central African species (1956). Previous subgeneric classifications are discussed in LAMB (1951). The number of species of Stereocaulon here recognized is 123 (of which 19 new), with 47 varieties (of which 14 new) and 40 forms (of which 11 new). For further details, see the Summary (p. 346). We have here used the traditional terms excipulum, central cone, and hypothecium in describing apothecial structure; it may however be preferable in future to use the alternative termspseudoexcipulum, medullary tissue, and subhymenial layer (A. HENSSEN, personal commun.). Reagents mentioned in the text are potassium hydroxide (KHO, abbreviated K), a 5-25 % aqueous solution, and para-phenylenediamine (H,NCeH,NH,, abbreviated PD), a freshly prepared 0.1 % alcoholic solution. They are applied to the phyllocladia or to young pseudopodetial tips; in some cases it may be necessary to scrape away the cortex and apply the reagent to the exposed medullary tissue. Our work was financially supported by two grants from the National Science Foundation (GB-4503, GA-119) and by smaller grants from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Harvard Foundation for Advanced Study and Research (including the Joseph H. Clark Bequest Fund) and the William F. Milton Fund of Harvard University. Grateful thanks are also due to many colleagues who assisted us in other ways; in particular we would like to acknowledge the help received from Drs. C. CULBERSON, C. FOX, M. HALE and S. HUNECK in the elucidation of chemical constituents, Dr. G. SAYRE in matters of bibliography, Dr. M. ZIMMERMANN in preparing microtome sections and photomicrographs, and Dr. V. AHMADJIAN for contributing an instructive series of specimens collected by him in Swedish Lapland in 1959. It is planned to publish a supplementary key to all the recognized species at a later date. TAXONOMY SYSTEM^ The main departures from the scheme presented in LAMB, 1951, are the following: Subgen. Enteropodium sect. Chondrocaulon TH. FR., comprising the species of the imperfect genus Leprocaulon NYL., has been eliminated, since Leprocaulon is a distinct and unrelated genus (LAMB and WARD, 1974). Subgen. Enteropodium LAMB is now called subgen. Stereocaulon, as it contains the type species of the genus, and for the same reason sect. Eustereocaulon KORB. is now called sect. Stereocaulon. Supplementary notes on pp.198-199.
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offenen See" (H-RAs, holotypus). I.
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-- f. confluens (MAGN.) FREY 216 --
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-fragile (L.) HOFFM. 327 - fronduli
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-- var. sorediiferum NYL. 226, 312
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- turgescens Nn. 252 - tyroliense (
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