Small Riga Ghetto

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8 to match the German spelling. Dr. Ivar Brod of New York carefully scrutinized and harmonized the various parts of the emendated translation, notes, introduction, foreword and preface before he forged them into this authoritative and unforgettable book. March 2010
Paul A. Shapiro * Preface to the First English Edition (2010) 9 "For us, all of Latvia is a huge cemetery – a cemetery without graves or gravestones." Max Kaufmann, Churbn Lettland (1947) The Holocaust revealed in an unprecedented way the worst that human beings are capable of – unjustifiable hatred, demonization and isolation of one-time neighbors, colleagues, friends, even innocent children, because they were labeled "different"; shameful greed matched by comprehensive theft by both rich and poor from both rich and poor; deportation to faraway camps or to locations just out of sight or earshot; and finally, mass murder. More extreme than any genocide that preceded it or that has followed, the Holocaust was uncivilized, comprehensive in intent, brutally vicious in implementation--and nowhere more so than in Latvia. In the mid-1930s, the Latvian Jewish community numbered some 94,000 people, or roughly five percent of this small country's population. Nearly half of the Jews lived in the capital, Riga, where their contributions to the economic, cultural, and civic life of the country were palpable. And yet, of the approximately 75,000 Jews who remained in the country when Germany invaded in June 1941, 70,000 fell victim in just six months, first to massive killings in rural areas and selective killings of male Jews in urban areas, and then, on November 29-30 and December 8-9, 1941, to the execution of more than 26,000 Jews from the Riga ghetto in Rumbula forest just outside the city. Latvia was also the final destination of more than 20,000 German and Austrian Jews and Jews from other occupied countries, deported eastward to their deaths by Nazi authorities. By early 1943, only about 5,000 Jews remained in Latvia, concentrated in the Riga, Dvinsk, and Liepaja ghettos and a few slave labor camps. By war's end the number of Jews in Latvia itself had been reduced even further, by displacement to labor camps inside Germany and by death, to just a few hundred. By all accounts, fewer than 1,500 Latvian Jews survived the Holocaust. In Latvia to a greater extent than in any other country occupied by the Germans, local volunteers and police units -- most notoriously the Arajs Kommando -- participated actively and enthusiastically in murdering the country's * Director Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Mu- seum
Page 1 and 2: Max Kaufmann Churbn Lettland The De
Page 3 and 4: Contents 5 George Schwab: Foreword
Page 5: George Schwab * Foreword 7 Max Kauf
Page 9 and 10: 11 about the Holocaust in Latvia af
Page 11 and 12: Gertrude Schneider * Introduction 1
Page 13 and 14: 15 stood what they had to do. He al
Page 15 and 16: 17 He saw to it that they met each
Page 17: 19 Max Kaufmann Churbn Lettland The
Page 21: 23 Yizkor (Commemoration) The commu
Page 24 and 25: Nochum Senitzki * 26 Foreword (Germ
Page 26 and 27: 28 For the few remaining Jews who s
Page 28 and 29: 30 mann). The Jews played a large r
Page 30 and 31: 32 Later on, the revisionist Zionis
Page 32 and 33: 34 War 1941 - 1945 The Germans Marc
Page 34 and 35: 36 ready working out the plans for
Page 36 and 37: 38 the way there, we were beaten ag
Page 38 and 39: 40 very decent and sympathetic pers
Page 40 and 41: 42 The following experience also be
Page 42 and 43: 44 X. Buoyed up by their victories
Page 44 and 45: 46 XII. A special Bureau of Jewish
Page 46 and 47: 48 Jēkabpils, Katoļu, Sadovnika i
Page 48 and 49: 50 thing happened bchipozoin (in ha
Page 50 and 51: 52 II. As soon as the ghetto was lo
Page 52 and 53: 54 In one single outpatient clinic,
Page 54 and 55: 56 where he had hidden his possessi
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58 Eljaschow, in Sadovnika Street.
Page 58 and 59:
60 strewn with belongings that had
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62 Wi dajne kinder plogt man Man ma
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64 The lawyer Wittenberg had taken
Page 64 and 65:
66 reported that the guards had tak
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68 been arrested and then murdered)
Page 68 and 69:
70 After we had happily settled all
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72 which was in fact our "host". Th
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74 still stationed there in order t
Page 74 and 75:
76 When we went to work in the morn
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78 The first outside work crews * c
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80 it with my life!" Now we had to
Page 80 and 81:
82 The names I noted among them are
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84 Later it became known that the "
Page 84 and 85:
86 and Dr. May, also made continual
Page 86 and 87:
88 German Jews. Our brothers were w
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90 Feitelsohn (from Bauska), Meilac
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92 caused a great deal of damage to
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94 The SS man Migge made himself ve
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96 The NSDAP work crew included A.
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98 An eyewitness told me about this
Page 98 and 99:
100 A large crowd had gathered and
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102 That evening, when the take had
Page 102 and 103:
104 Among the people who had been s
Page 104 and 105:
106 Although the Command Headquarte
Page 106 and 107:
108 Some of the Jews were also kill
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110 Germany. Slowly a fire was star
Page 110 and 111:
112 the detective from Berlin * - w
Page 112 and 113:
114 longed to "nobody" piled up. Th
Page 114 and 115:
116 When the work camps were formed
Page 116 and 117:
118 the police station in Mazā Kal
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120 later the others also arrived;
Page 120 and 121:
122 Klempmann Winnik, Ch. Kramer, B
Page 122 and 123:
124 A small group of Jews had been
Page 124 and 125:
126 During these final days, our gh
Page 126 and 127:
128 Part II The "Zentralka" and "Te
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130 Šķirotava railroad station, b
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132 also a Russian newspaper founde
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134 sisting of older people, were a
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136 The graves were dug deep, very
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138 (Bombs, bombs fall down) was ve
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140 letzten Weg" (Don't ever say th
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142 even tried to convert us to it.
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144 released from it. Unfortunately
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146 When everyone came back from wo
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148 forest, was well-known to all t
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150 taken to the house at 56 Ludzas
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152 well-known today in the Soviet
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154 rabbi Fuchs and the equally pro
Page 154 and 155:
156 were forced to take off all the
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158 camp in Riga and the last one i
Page 158 and 159:
160 others were taken to the Daugav
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162 Zemgale, Kurzeme and Vidzeme a)
Page 162 and 163:
164 In the Riga ghetto a certain Zi
Page 164 and 165:
166 Mass Killing of Libau (Liepaja)
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168 Part III The "Kaiserwald" Conce
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170 tions, so their numbers shrank
Page 170 and 171:
172 IV. The Kaiserwald concentratio
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174 VI. The transfer of the first J
Page 174 and 175:
176 Don't think about your clothes
Page 176 and 177:
178 up of specialists. The first on
Page 178 and 179:
180 XI. After five o'clock the work
Page 180 and 181:
182 For this reason, some of them t
Page 182 and 183:
184 How strongly Jewish religious l
Page 184 and 185:
186 since there was hardly any room
Page 186 and 187:
188 thread or something I had manag
Page 188 and 189:
190 Jews did not regret this death
Page 190 and 191:
192 The barbers (Zijuni and others)
Page 192 and 193:
194 There was a lot of talk about h
Page 194 and 195:
196 he had been a foundling who had
Page 196 and 197:
198 As soon as one murderer was tra
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200 Rēzekne). Several other cases
Page 200 and 201:
202 Even the young people from Viln
Page 202 and 203:
204 In the meantime the camp repres
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206 ways had visitors from the HKP
Page 206 and 207:
208 In Kaiserwald Salaman, Duchowni
Page 208 and 209:
210 Nor did the others remain in th
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212 also sewing machines and things
Page 212 and 213:
214 Bloodsoaked Spilve, which had r
Page 214 and 215:
216 The drives to Kaiserwald to fet
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218 strated his power as much as po
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220 Leibsohn, however, was arrested
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222 caped from this camp. Because t
Page 222 and 223:
224 delivered new people, but Dunda
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226 A large satellite camp with wor
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228 services were being held in eve
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230 been finished. Apparently an es
Page 230 and 231:
232 in Magdeburg, sometimes earned
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234 lector" - for which one receive
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236 wooden clubs. They explained to
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238 Now the call rang out: "Skilled
Page 238 and 239:
240 cluded people of all nationalit
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242 walls. Our women were put toget
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244 us the "high-society table". If
Page 244 and 245:
246 drove back and forth. I was ass
Page 246 and 247:
248 Lunch was brought to us once a
Page 248 and 249:
250 Godes and Schalit. Their health
Page 250 and 251:
252 bor and the beatings, the infir
Page 252 and 253:
254 ing: "When the bell rings, the
Page 254 and 255:
256 ing. The Americans were getting
Page 256 and 257:
258 quieter, the rest of us gathere
Page 258 and 259:
260 half-Polish, which reassured th
Page 260 and 261:
262 as it had come. Less than an ho
Page 262 and 263:
264 piles of potatoes. Because they
Page 264 and 265:
266 there were numerous cases of il
Page 266 and 267:
268 the weak ones were sent to Buch
Page 268 and 269:
270 The Dachau Concentration Camp (
Page 270 and 271:
272 Many men and women are in unifo
Page 272 and 273:
274 But what I really am is a man w
Page 274 and 275:
276 Other documents of the same tri
Page 276 and 277:
Index of Names A. Abel, Xavier (Mr.
Page 278 and 279:
Deiberg Delatitzka, Rachel Delatitz
Page 280 and 281:
Grundmann, Josef Grünholz Gruschko
Page 282 and 283:
Kaufert Kaufmann (Berlin) Kaufmann
Page 284 and 285:
Machtus, Eddi Machtus, Herbert Maga
Page 286 and 287:
Presma (Daugavpils) Press, Bernhard
Page 288 and 289:
Schneider, (Makkabi) Schneider, arc
Page 290 and 291:
Wiskind Wisner, Heinz, SS medic Wit
Page 292:
294 Dawid Budnik/Jakow Kaper, Nicht
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Small Riga Ghetto

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