Gulf and European Energy Supply Security - Feem-project.net

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Energy Security: Potential for EU-GCC Cooperation Figure 13: Main Producers of Conventional Oil (left) and Non-Conventional Oil (right) 20 Muddling Through 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Europe Alone d / l b M Main producers of conventional oil -MT Main producers of conventional oil -EA 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Global Regime 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Main producers of conventional oil-GRFT Source: POLES model, LEPII, SECURE project Other Countries Canada USA Russia Nigeria Venezuela Iran Iraq UAE Kuwait Saudi Arabia Gulf Other Countries 100 Canada 90 USA 80 Russia 70 Nigeria 60 Venezuela 50 Iran 40 Iraq 30 UAE 20 10 Kuwait 0 Saudi Arabia Gulf Other Countries Canada USA Russia Nigeria Venezuela Iran Iraq UAE Kuwait Saudi Arabia Gulf d / l Mb d / l Mb d / l Mb 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 12 10 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 8 6 4 2 0 Main producers of non-conventional oil -MT 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Main producers of non-conventional oil -EA 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Main producers of non-conventional oil -GRFT 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Other USA-Oil Shales Canada-Tar Sands Venezuela- Extra Heavy Oil Other USA-Oil Shales Canada-Tar Sands Venezuela- Extra Heavy Oil Other USA - Oil Shales Canada - Tar Sands Venezuela - Extra Heavy Oil
of oil production in non-OPEC non-CIS regions (Figure 12) The conventional and non-conventional oil production profiles in the Muddling Through SECURE scenario, as illustrated in the top row of Figure 13, describe the projection of world oil production in a setting of limited intensity climate policies: • Non-OPEC production was still increasing before 2010 due to new capacities in the CIS (notably in Kazakhstan); between 2010 and 2020 it is stabilized at 48 Mbd but after that date it begins to decline to only 30 Mbd in 2050. • As demand increase remains strong in the next decades, particularly in the emerging economies, the balance of supply and demand implies that production in both the Gulf and the rest of OPEC doubles from now to 2040 and then stabilizes until 2050. • Similarly, the production of non-conventional oil, mostly from extra-heavy oil, tar sands and by the end of the projection also oil shales, becomes competitive and provides more than one tenth of total production in 2050. • As a combination of these different trends, the production of conventional oil peaks at 95 Mbd in 2030, while non conventional oil represents at that date 6 Mbd. After 2030, conventional production progressively decreases to 83 Mbd in 2050, but part of the retreat in conventional oil is compensated by an increase in non conventional production to about 11 Mbd. • The global oil production profile thus resembles the so-called oil plateau anticipated by many observers of the oil scene, with a maximum production after 2030 at 101 Mbd and then a slow decline to about 94 Mbd in 2050. The world oil production profile is hardly affected by the introduction of a strong carbon constraint in the Europe Alone case (see Figure 13, middle row). Conventional oil production levels off between 2020 and 2030, while non conventional oil production is about 10 percent lower in 2050 than in the Muddling Through case. The situation is, of course, very different in the Global Regime where conventional oil tops in 2020 with a strong decline after that date, while non- The European Energy Sector and the Climate-Security Nexus in the SECURE Scenarios conventional oil hardly increases over the projection period (see Figure 13 bottom row). This is clearly the result of a “peak demand” introduced by strong carbon constraints in all world regions. High fossil fuel prices at consumer level are very high in that case due to the price of carbon, and oil demand is significantly reduced by the development of high efficiency and low emission options in transport (electric and hydrogen vehicles). The increase in oil energy consumption upto 2050 appears to be limited even in the Muddling Through case. However, due to the general decline in non-OPEC production the international trade in oil increases from about 1.5 Gtoe today to more than 2.3 Gtoe in 2030 and 2040 (see Figure 14, where flows are measured between the main world regions). This is partly the consequence of the increase in consumption, but also of the concentration of production in the OPEC countries and more particularly the Gulf. In 2050, four regions are net exporters of oil, with the Middle East representing three-fourth of total exports. The other exporting regions are the CIS, Latin America and Africa. One can note the reduced imports of North America, which are due to the large supply of non-conventional oil from Canada. Again the world situation is hardly affected in the Europe Alone case. Finally, the consequences of the Global Regime can be synthesized as follows: while oil exports of the four structurally exporting regions are doubled in 2030 compared to 2000, the situation in 2050 is, to a large extent, a return to the 2000 situation, with almost unchanged market shares and a maintained dominance of the Middle East in total exports. 3.2 World Gas Supply, Trade and European Imports One of the key concerns regarding the long-term energy security of Europe is its dependence in terms of gas supply. Natural gas is a key resource, with new perspectives introduced by non-conventional shale gas. Its environmental characteristics are rather favorable, including in the context of GHG abatement policies, as gas-based electricity has a CO2 content that is on average half of that of coalbased electricity (when no-capture and storage 21
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Page 3: Contents Introduction 5 I. The Euro
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Energy Security: Potential for EU-G
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SESSION IV: LNG and Gas Supplies to
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had a drastically different vision
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now, China has preferred the LNG op
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considered an issue. Though the bor
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70bcm/yr by 2020. Even if only a fr
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that Russia and China have started
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(Parliament) which favors the use o
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of unconventional gas, has already
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Geopolitical Issues of Europe’s F
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• • • • • • • • •
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SESSION V: Renewable Sources in EU-
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• technologies, overall technical
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Figure 2: Overview of Opportunities
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onshore (378 TWh/yr), large-scale h
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world. Hence, renewable energy supp
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case. Figure 8 shows the developmen
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Overview of RES Characteristics and
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keep the RES surcharges for the ene
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in the electricity sector, particul
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References • • • • • •
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