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102 Start-Up tar -cvf testarchive.tar test. After that, view the contents of the archive file with tar -tf testarchive.tar. The test directory with all its files and directories has remained unchanged on your hard disk. To unpack the archive, enter tar -xvf testarchive.tar, but do not try this yet. For file compression, the obvious choice is gzip or, for a even better compression ratio, bzip2. Just enter gzip testarchive.tar (or bzip2 testarchive.tar, but gzip is used in this example). With ls, now see that the file testarchive.tar is no longer there and that the file testarchive.tar.gz has been created instead. This file is much smaller and therefore much better suited for transfer via e-mail or storage on a USB stick. Now, unpack this file in the test2 directory created earlier. To do so, enter cp testarchive.tar.gz test2 to copy the file to that directory. Change to the directory with cd test2. A compressed archive with the .tar.gz extension can be unzipped with the gunzip command. Enter gunzip testarchive.tar.gz, which results in the file testarchive.tar, which then needs to be extracted or untarred with tar -xvf testarchive.tar. You can also unzip and extract a compressed archive in one step with tar -xvf testarchive.tar.gz (adding the -z option is no longer required). With ls, you can see that a new test directory has been created with the same contents as your test directory in your home directory. 3.1.6 Cleaning Up After this crash course, you should be familiar with the basics of the Linux shell or command line. You may want to clean up your home directory by deleting the various test files and directories using the rm and rmdir commands. In Section 3.3, “Important Linux Commands” (page 106), find a list of the most important commands and a brief description of their functions. 3.2 Users and Access Permissions Since its inception in the early 1990s, Linux has been developed as a multiuser system. Any number of users can work on it simultaneously. Users need to log in to the system before starting a session at their workstations. Each user has a username with a corresponding password. This differentiation of users guarantees that unauthorized users cannot see files for which they do not have permission. Larger changes to the system,
such as installing new programs, are also usually impossible or restricted for normal users. Only the root user, or super user, has the unrestricted capacity to make changes to the system and unlimited access to all files. Those who use this concept wisely, only logging in with full root access when necessary, can cut back the risk of unintentional loss of data. Because under normal circumstances only root can delete system files or format hard disks, the threat from the Trojan horse effect or from accidentally entering destructive commands can be significantly reduced. 3.2.1 File System Permissions Basically, every file in a Linux file system belongs to a user and a group. Both of these proprietary groups and all others can be authorized to write, read, or execute these files. A group, in this case, can be defined as a set of connected users with certain collective rights. For example, call a group working on a certain project project3. Every user in a Linux system is a member of at least one proprietary group, normally users. There can be as many groups in a system as needed, but only root is able to add groups. Every user can find out, with the command groups, of which groups he is a member. File Access The organization of permissions in the file system differs for files and directories. File permission information can be displayed with the command ls -l. The output could appear as in Example 3.1, “Sample Output Showing File Permissions” (page 103). Example 3.1 Sample Output Showing File Permissions -rw-r----- 1 tux project3 14197 Jun 21 15:03 Roadmap As shown in the third column, this file belongs to user tux. It is assigned to the group project3. To discover the user permissions of the Roadmap file, the first column must be examined more closely. - Type rw- Users Permissions r- Group Permissions --- Permissions for Other Users Working with the Shell 103
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SUSE Linux 10.1 April 07, 2006 Star
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Contents About This Guide vii Part
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6 Customizing Your KDE Desktop 165
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viii Start-Up SUSE Linux Reference
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Part I. Setup
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4 Start-Up 2 Reboot the system. 3 A
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6 Start-Up Use the function keys in
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8 Start-Up dows but does not provid
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10 Start-Up The partitions to creat
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12 Start-Up Figure 1.2 Possible Opt
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14 Start-Up The first bar graph sho
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16 Start-Up Other Filters Click the
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18 Start-Up 1.8.5 Keyboard Layout S
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20 Start-Up 1.9.2 root Password roo
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22 Start-Up If you have multiple ne
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24 Start-Up Figure 1.5 Entering the
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26 Start-Up settings. LDAP client c
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28 Start-Up AutoYaST is a system fo
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30 Start-Up To start YaST in text m
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32 Start-Up Figure 2.2 YaST Package
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34 Start-Up NOTE Because language-s
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36 Start-Up Installation Summary Af
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38 Start-Up Figure 2.3 Conflict Man
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40 Start-Up Find the list of availa
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42 Start-Up Backup During the updat
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44 Start-Up 2.4.2 Infrared Device C
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46 Start-Up satisfied with the sett
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48 Start-Up is provided at http://c
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50 Start-Up If YaST is unable to de
Page 62 and 63: 52 Start-Up Standard Boot Floppy Us
Page 64 and 65: 54 Start-Up point of the hard disks
Page 66 and 67: 56 Start-Up If you partition manual
Page 68 and 69: 58 Start-Up To edit a PCI ID, selec
Page 70 and 71: 60 Start-Up Figure 2.5 Setting the
Page 72 and 73: 62 Start-Up 2.7.1 Mail Transfer Age
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Page 78 and 79: 68 Start-Up 2.9.2 Group Management
Page 80 and 81: 70 Start-Up the options Current Dir
Page 82 and 83: 72 Start-Up /proc/iomem This displa
Page 84 and 85: 74 Start-Up Press Enter to start th
Page 86 and 87: 2.11.3 Starting the Individual Modu
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Page 90 and 91: 80 Start-Up Figure 2.8 Card and Mon
Page 92 and 93: 82 Start-Up The tabs in the row at
Page 94 and 95: 84 Start-Up Activate 3-Button Emula
Page 96 and 97: 86 Start-Up 2.14 Troubleshooting Al
Page 99 and 100: Working with the Shell When booting
Page 101 and 102: IMPORTANT: No News Is Good News The
Page 103 and 104: 3.1.2 Linux Directory Structure Bec
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Page 109 and 110: and paths with the help of →| , y
Page 111: sponding command. Both standard out
Page 115 and 116: 3.2.2 Modifying File Permissions Ch
Page 117 and 118: 3.3.1 File Commands The following s
Page 119 and 120: u g o User Group Others For access,
Page 121 and 122: locate patterns This command is onl
Page 123 and 124: -t filesystem Specify the file syst
Page 125 and 126: ps [options] [process ID] If run wi
Page 127 and 128: eboot [options] Does the same as ha
Page 129 and 130: H J K L Move one character to the l
Page 131: • A number of vim sources are ava
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Page 136 and 137: Figure 4.3 Generating a Search Inde
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Page 140 and 141: 130 Start-Up 4.7 Package Documentat
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Page 145: Part III. Desktop
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Page 150 and 151: 140 Start-Up main menu. Alter a sho
Page 152 and 153: 142 Start-Up structure for accessin
Page 154 and 155: 144 Start-Up Figure 5.3 Main Menu S
Page 156 and 157: 146 Start-Up topmost directory is r
Page 158 and 159: 148 Start-Up • Select the object
Page 160 and 161: 150 Start-Up The group determines t
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152 Start-Up 4 Specify the folder t
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154 Start-Up where you want the tex
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156 Start-Up network passwords and
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158 Start-Up Figure 5.8 Ark: File A
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160 Start-Up Start KJobViewer from
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162 Start-Up filename for the image
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164 Start-Up To update system fonts
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166 Start-Up 5 Apply your changes a
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168 Start-Up In the Icons section,
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170 Start-Up shortcuts. For more in
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172 Start-Up The Country/Region & L
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174 Start-Up Login Manager configur
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176 Start-Up The program managing t
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178 Start-Up 7.2 Logging Out When y
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180 Start-Up To remove an icon from
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182 Start-Up The Places Menu The Pl
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184 Start-Up From the Desktop Doubl
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186 Start-Up Figure 7.4 Nautilus St
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188 Start-Up 3 Click Add to search
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190 Start-Up For a more in-depth in
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192 Start-Up Option Date Modified L
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194 Start-Up To open a file display
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196 Start-Up Left-click the panel i
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198 Start-Up account, open a file d
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200 Start-Up To add a new channel,
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202 Start-Up 8.1 Hardware Settings
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204 Start-Up 8.2.3 Configuring the
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206 Start-Up 8.3.1 Configuring Acce
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208 Start-Up 8.4.3 Managing Session
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Part IV. Troubleshooting
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214 Start-Up Log File /var/log/SaX.
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216 Start-Up 1. The program checks
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Procedure 9.2 Changing the Boot Seq
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220 Start-Up acpi=off This paramete
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222 Start-Up and port number under
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224 Start-Up 7 Once in the YaST Sys
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226 Start-Up • DNS is not working
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228 Start-Up 5 If graphical login s
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230 Start-Up 9.4.3 Login Successful
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232 Start-Up IMPORTANT If the user'
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234 Start-Up assume both server and
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236 Start-Up use traceroute fully_q
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238 Start-Up 9.6.2 Restoring a Syst
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240 Start-Up 1 Boot the system with
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242 Start-Up Clicking Next starts a
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244 Start-Up tion support for regis
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246 Start-Up • France: Phone: +33
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248 Start-Up We endeavor to help yo
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ping, 115 ps, 115 reboot, 117 rm, 1
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utilities, 195-200 grep, 112 groups
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S Samba clients, 66 servers, 66 SaX
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servers, 66 Samba clients, 26 scann
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