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8 High-frequency Patterns 8 Low-frequency Patterns about of against between ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC Tokens 84 116 367 1504 31 21 Tokens 827 726 Tokens 4 3 Tokens 4 5 (14681) (60168) (1250) (856) Types 36 50 39 77 11 9 Types 53 67 Types 3 3 Types 1 2 (1560) (3075) (450) (364) TTR 0.429 0.431 0.106 TTR 0.064 0.092 0.051 TTR 0.750 1.00 0.360 TTR 0.250 0.400 0.425 for on as by ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC Tokens 727 714 1550 404 96 373 Tokens 1635 2107 Tokens 52 76 Tokens 50 93 (61982) (16148) (3835) (14925) Types 71 74 86 58 34 67 Types 23 27 Types 19 19 Types 21 26 (3430) (2302) (1350) (2683) TTR 0.098 0.104 0.055 TTR 0.014 0.013 0.143 TTR 0.365 0.250 0.352 TTR 0.420 0.280 0.180 from to as to over ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC Tokens 476 498 402 1618 41 Tokens 5001 5886 Tokens 8 9 1(29) Tokens 2 3 (16098) (64737) (1634) Types 27 28 39 74 17 Types 175 179 Types 5 9 0(12) Types 2 3 (1550) (2964) (686) TTR 0.057 0.056 0.096 TTR 0.035 0.030 0.046 TTR 0.625 1.00 0.414 TTR 1.00 1.00 0.420 in with at toward(s) ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC ALC BC BNC Tokens 1540 1617 1918 950 390 16 Tokens 1561 3076 Tokens 55 39 Tokens 25 19 (76710) (38019) (15596) (649) Types 69 81 148 80 57 7 Types 76 81 Types 14 12 Types 3 5 (5901) (3184) (2290) (289) TTR 0.045 0.050 0.077 TTR 0.049 0.026 0.084 TTR 0.255 0.308 0.147 TTR 0.120 0.263 0.445 Table 7.1. Tokens, types and TTR of each pattern A DJ PR EP N 88
The table is divided into high-frequency and low-frequency patterns. The cut-off point is at 200 occurrences for both corpora combined. (N.B. The histograms for the figures in Table 7.1 are also presented in Appendix A since they may be a better way to present these data to some readers.) The figures for the pattern A DJ as N seem to depart from this standard since this pattern occurs at over 200 tokens in total. However, the adjective same at the top rank in both corpora is regarded as other related pattern in Francis et al. (1998). In order to gain the actual occurrence of the pattern A DJ as N, in other words, the figure for same should be subtracted from the total number of tokens of the pattern: this gives a result of 52 in ALC and 76 in BC. 29 It is for this reason that the pattern A DJ as N is grouped in the low-frequency pattern range in the current study. With regard to tokens, the BC figure is likely to be higher than that of ALC: the tokens in 10 prepositional types of the pattern (viz. about, from, in, on, to, with, as to, between, by, over) are higher in BC than they are in ALC, whereas the tokens in six prepositional types of the pattern (viz. for, of, against, as, at, toward(s)) are higher in ALC than BC. That is, it seems to be the case that writers in BC are more likely to use the pattern A DJ PR EP N than are writers in ALC overall. With regard to types, the BC figure is higher than that of ALC in 13 prepositional types of the pattern (viz. about, for, from, in, of, on, to, with, as to, between, by, over, and toward(s)), whereas only one prepositional type of the pattern (viz. at) is higher in ALC than in BC. Finally, the figures of two prepositional types (viz. against and as) are the same in the two corpora. Thus, a wider range of adjectives consistently occurs in the pattern in BC than it does in ALC overall. With regard to TTR, the BC figure is somewhat higher than that of ALC in six prepositional types (viz. of, against, as, as to, between, toward(s)), whereas the ALC figure is rather higher than BC in two prepositional types of the pattern (viz. with and by). The TTRs of the other eight patterns, about, for, from, in, on, to, at and over, are similar or exactly the same in both corpora. Thus, there is a certain similarity in the proportion of the variety of adjectives occurring in the pattern A DJ PR EP N as it occurs in ALC and BC, although BC shows more variety than ALC. 29 This figure was simply calculated as follows: 187 (the total tokens of the pattern A DJ as N in ALC) 135 (the total tokens of same as N in ALC) = 52 (the actual tokens of the pattern A DJ as N in ALC); and 129 (the total tokens of the pattern A DJ as N in BC) 53 (the total tokens of same as N in BC) = 76 (the actual tokens of the pattern A DJ as N in BC). 89
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Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinar
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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CONTENTS C H APT E R 1. Introductio
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C H APT E R 9. The second theme: Re
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Figure A-1 Histogram for tokens of
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Table 8.15 The SKILFULNESS group in
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CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1. Genera
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study are still not large enough fo
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RQ1) Is it valuable to apply a new
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in the way each of these evaluative
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disciplines feature different bodie
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White and Liccardi (2006) have show
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However, it was not possible to cla
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typically presented as impersonal a
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2.5. Applied linguistics and busine
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2.6.2. Business studies Business co
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Swales (2004) thus offers a rather
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genre has come increasingly under t
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CHAPTER 3. Pattern, meaning and eva
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170). 7 On the basis of the vast am
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3.3. Lexico-grammatical patterns 3.
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syntactic patterns encodes differen
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RESULT/DATA based on DATA/THEORY In
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(Biber, 1988, p. 237). Indeed, Chaf
Page 49 and 50: aspect of language use. For these r
Page 51 and 52: 1986), hedging (Holmes, 1988; Hylan
Page 53 and 54: adverbs but rather in certain patte
Page 55 and 56: average work is described as sound
Page 57 and 58: are also interrelated. In an attemp
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 4. Correspondence analysis
Page 61 and 62: - end. Although there is no doubt t
Page 63 and 64: appeal of multivariate analysis is
Page 65 and 66: While such observations might be in
Page 67 and 68: The contingency table has the follo
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 5. Corpus creation and meth
Page 71 and 72: of sub-disciplines contained within
Page 73 and 74: As Figure 5.1 illustrates, regardle
Page 75 and 76: corpus-based discourse analysis. Th
Page 77 and 78: analysis was conducted with the mat
Page 79 and 80: 5.3.4. Discourse analysis procedure
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 6. A case study In this cha
Page 83 and 84: express human feelings: specificall
Page 85 and 86: contingency table consists of 66 ro
Page 87 and 88: of this case study is limited. Howe
Page 89 and 90: likely to express what they feel ab
Page 91 and 92: 6.2.2. The NERVOUSNESS group While
Page 93 and 94: adjectives in this group in the pat
Page 95 and 96: While the LSP enthusiastic about N
Page 97 and 98: AWARE and IGNORANT group in Francis
Page 99: CHAPTER 7. Data analyses 7.1. Intro
Page 103 and 104: about of Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. B
Page 105 and 106: Tables 7.2 and 7.3 above indicate t
Page 107 and 108: same for a corpus of a more special
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.5 above indicates that simi
Page 111 and 112: about for from in of on to with 8 l
Page 113 and 114: In the plot shown in Figure 7.1, it
Page 115 and 116: Figure 7.4. Adjective plot in the s
Page 117 and 118: Figure 7.7. Adjective plot for A DJ
Page 119 and 120: Figure 7.9. Adjective plot for the
Page 125 and 126: same time. This being the case, I h
Page 127 and 128: Other adjectives in this quadrant a
Page 129 and 130: This concludes my analysis of the e
Page 131 and 132: Figure 7.21 also indicates that adj
Page 133 and 134: With the sole exception of the patt
Page 135 and 136: evaluation (Martin & Rose, 2007, p.
Page 137 and 138: judgments tend to draw on both emot
Page 139 and 140: [Business studies: neutral about/on
Page 141 and 142: modals in BC, on the other hand, mo
Page 143 and 144: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 more 14
Page 145 and 146: itself. 8.1.3. Importance The third
Page 147 and 148: Fewer of the control variables are
Page 149 and 150: someone/something is certain or unc
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current/past oriented. While the nu
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monogloss heterogloss ALC 35%(7) 65
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that the default assumption among a
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monogloss heterogloss ALC 29%(4) 71
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general category of appreciation as
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while the BC examples evaluate the
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it seems that researchers in busine
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Overall, my findings suggest that a
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interpretation. Finally, these sema
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entities. This group is especially
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[Applied Linguistics] [
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The proportions for this group are
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In addition, this LSP strongly occu
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or evidence in the writers (ongoing
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Francis et al. (1998, p. 479) indic
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In summary, the intensity of severa
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The depended- entities in ALC are p
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order ALC freq. BC freq. 1 differen
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[Business Studies] Thi
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[Applied Linguistics] Scores (but
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In general, business studies discou
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 involved
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[Applied Linguistics]
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[Business Studies] Language is
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something (e.g. ability, knowledge,
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[Business Studies] Only companies
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adverbs. Table 9.18 below summarize
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 responsi
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 present
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ALC BC Negative Noun inherent other
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In each of the above concordances t
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Several adjectives in this group in
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[Business Studies] Our sample is r
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 study 27
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[Business studies: model + based on
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particular thing in order to deepen
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across the two disciplines. However
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A DJ PR EP N. Figure 10.1. Discipli
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likely to occur in applied linguist
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10.3.2. Cause vs. Effect As argued
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and unostentatious fashion. This fi
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10.4. Conclusion The fundamental as
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as follows: [A new methodology] RQ1
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linguistics and business studies on
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disciplinary culture of the two dis
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p. 156). By investigating a corpus,
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Figure A-3: Histogram for types of
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Appendix B: Tables for adjectives i
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vague 1 worried 1 1 2 1 2 1 wrong 1
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indispensable 1 1 ineligible 2 1 in
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indistinguishable 8 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
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immersed 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 implicated 4
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Table B-10. Contingency table for t
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12 conditional 3 clear 5 26 good 1
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51 free 17 unique 18 141 antagonist
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comparable 21 2 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 4 7
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new 2 12 1 11 2 5 4 8 3 2 9 3 45 ne
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27 comparable 4 competitive 3 68 si
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pregnant 1 preoccupied 2 1 1 replet
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crucial-as 1 effecti
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puzzled-by 1 recogni
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SRHE/Open University Press Bell, R.
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articles in biology and history. In
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Herbert, A. (1965). The structure o
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Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the
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Rundell, M. (Ed.). (2007). Macmilla
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functional perspective. English for
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