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Figure 7.20. Adjective plot in the second and third quadrants for eight low-frequency patterns (22.79%) Figure 7.21. Adjective plot in the first and fourth quadrants for eight low-frequency patterns (22.79%) 118
Figure 7.21 also indicates that adjectives in the area of business studies are more likely to express deontic modal meanings via the pattern A DJ-able by N (e.g. punishable, enforceable, explainable, and so on). In addition, some adjectives in the pattern A DJ by N express how something is affected or not affected by something else (e.g. threatened, obsessed, intrigued, fascinated, (un)encumbered, concerned, unhampered, unaffected, etc.). These adjectives are categorized as the AFFECTEDNESS group in the current study (see section 9.1.6 for full details). Moreover, adjectives in the pattern A DJ as N in business studies are likely to express judgements in forceful and often hortatory terms, such as crucial, essential, useful, necessary, (in)effective, attractive, (in)adequate, valuable, vital and so on. Although the SKILFULNESS group in the pattern A DJ at N is peculiar to applied linguistics, some adjectives in this group also occur in business studies (such as skilled, poor, effective, adept, competent and so on). Finally, other adjectives in these eight low-frequency patterns are likely to express how a writer sees things and relations (e.g. ambiguous (as to), charitable (toward(s)), variable (between), specific (as to), great (at), neutral (between), significant (as), effective (against) and so on). Therefore, the crucial distinction in the use of these eight low-frequency patterns between the two disciplines is that in applied linguistics they are more likely to express evaluations, especially peoples emotions and aesthetic appreciations of things (e.g. A DJ at N), whereas in business studies they are more likely to assess things (e.g. A DJ as/at N) and express rather negative relations between things (e.g. A DJ by N). 35 The final plot to be discussed in this section presents a sub-discipline plot for all of the variants of the broad pattern A DJ PR EP N together. (N.B. Since the plots for adjectives in this pattern were already presented in Figures 7.1 to 7.21, I show only the plots for sub-disciplines here. This is largely because the adjective plot for all variants of the pattern is just an amalgamation of these variants.) 35 It is possible to say from the disparity in the use of adjective patterns that applied linguistics is more likely to evaluate the personal characteristics of people, whereas business studies is rather to evaluate the external feature of things. (For a fuller explanation of this analysis see Chapter 10). 119
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Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinar
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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CONTENTS C H APT E R 1. Introductio
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C H APT E R 9. The second theme: Re
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Figure A-1 Histogram for tokens of
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Table 8.15 The SKILFULNESS group in
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CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1. Genera
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study are still not large enough fo
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RQ1) Is it valuable to apply a new
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in the way each of these evaluative
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disciplines feature different bodie
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White and Liccardi (2006) have show
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However, it was not possible to cla
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typically presented as impersonal a
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2.5. Applied linguistics and busine
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2.6.2. Business studies Business co
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Swales (2004) thus offers a rather
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genre has come increasingly under t
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CHAPTER 3. Pattern, meaning and eva
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170). 7 On the basis of the vast am
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3.3. Lexico-grammatical patterns 3.
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syntactic patterns encodes differen
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RESULT/DATA based on DATA/THEORY In
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(Biber, 1988, p. 237). Indeed, Chaf
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aspect of language use. For these r
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1986), hedging (Holmes, 1988; Hylan
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adverbs but rather in certain patte
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average work is described as sound
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are also interrelated. In an attemp
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CHAPTER 4. Correspondence analysis
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- end. Although there is no doubt t
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appeal of multivariate analysis is
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While such observations might be in
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The contingency table has the follo
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CHAPTER 5. Corpus creation and meth
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of sub-disciplines contained within
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As Figure 5.1 illustrates, regardle
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corpus-based discourse analysis. Th
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analysis was conducted with the mat
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Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 6. A case study In this cha
Page 83 and 84: express human feelings: specificall
Page 85 and 86: contingency table consists of 66 ro
Page 87 and 88: of this case study is limited. Howe
Page 89 and 90: likely to express what they feel ab
Page 91 and 92: 6.2.2. The NERVOUSNESS group While
Page 93 and 94: adjectives in this group in the pat
Page 95 and 96: While the LSP enthusiastic about N
Page 97 and 98: AWARE and IGNORANT group in Francis
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 7. Data analyses 7.1. Intro
Page 101 and 102: The table is divided into high-freq
Page 103 and 104: about of Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. B
Page 105 and 106: Tables 7.2 and 7.3 above indicate t
Page 107 and 108: same for a corpus of a more special
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.5 above indicates that simi
Page 111 and 112: about for from in of on to with 8 l
Page 113 and 114: In the plot shown in Figure 7.1, it
Page 115 and 116: Figure 7.4. Adjective plot in the s
Page 117 and 118: Figure 7.7. Adjective plot for A DJ
Page 119 and 120: Figure 7.9. Adjective plot for the
Page 125 and 126: same time. This being the case, I h
Page 127 and 128: Other adjectives in this quadrant a
Page 129: This concludes my analysis of the e
Page 133 and 134: With the sole exception of the patt
Page 135 and 136: evaluation (Martin & Rose, 2007, p.
Page 137 and 138: judgments tend to draw on both emot
Page 139 and 140: [Business studies: neutral about/on
Page 141 and 142: modals in BC, on the other hand, mo
Page 143 and 144: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 more 14
Page 145 and 146: itself. 8.1.3. Importance The third
Page 147 and 148: Fewer of the control variables are
Page 149 and 150: someone/something is certain or unc
Page 151 and 152: current/past oriented. While the nu
Page 153 and 154: monogloss heterogloss ALC 35%(7) 65
Page 155 and 156: that the default assumption among a
Page 157 and 158: monogloss heterogloss ALC 29%(4) 71
Page 159 and 160: general category of appreciation as
Page 161 and 162: while the BC examples evaluate the
Page 163 and 164: it seems that researchers in busine
Page 165 and 166: Overall, my findings suggest that a
Page 167 and 168: interpretation. Finally, these sema
Page 169 and 170: entities. This group is especially
Page 171 and 172: [Applied Linguistics] [
Page 173 and 174: The proportions for this group are
Page 175 and 176: In addition, this LSP strongly occu
Page 177 and 178: or evidence in the writers (ongoing
Page 179 and 180: Francis et al. (1998, p. 479) indic
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In summary, the intensity of severa
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The depended- entities in ALC are p
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order ALC freq. BC freq. 1 differen
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[Business Studies] Thi
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[Applied Linguistics] Scores (but
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In general, business studies discou
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 involved
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[Applied Linguistics]
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[Business Studies] Language is
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something (e.g. ability, knowledge,
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[Business Studies] Only companies
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adverbs. Table 9.18 below summarize
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 responsi
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 present
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ALC BC Negative Noun inherent other
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In each of the above concordances t
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Several adjectives in this group in
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[Business Studies] Our sample is r
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 study 27
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[Business studies: model + based on
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particular thing in order to deepen
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across the two disciplines. However
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A DJ PR EP N. Figure 10.1. Discipli
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likely to occur in applied linguist
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10.3.2. Cause vs. Effect As argued
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and unostentatious fashion. This fi
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10.4. Conclusion The fundamental as
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as follows: [A new methodology] RQ1
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linguistics and business studies on
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disciplinary culture of the two dis
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p. 156). By investigating a corpus,
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Figure A-3: Histogram for types of
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Appendix B: Tables for adjectives i
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vague 1 worried 1 1 2 1 2 1 wrong 1
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indispensable 1 1 ineligible 2 1 in
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indistinguishable 8 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
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immersed 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 implicated 4
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Table B-10. Contingency table for t
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12 conditional 3 clear 5 26 good 1
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51 free 17 unique 18 141 antagonist
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comparable 21 2 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 4 7
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new 2 12 1 11 2 5 4 8 3 2 9 3 45 ne
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27 comparable 4 competitive 3 68 si
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pregnant 1 preoccupied 2 1 1 replet
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crucial-as 1 effecti
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puzzled-by 1 recogni
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SRHE/Open University Press Bell, R.
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articles in biology and history. In
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Herbert, A. (1965). The structure o
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Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the
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Rundell, M. (Ed.). (2007). Macmilla
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functional perspective. English for
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