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current study. The analysis of patterns to be conducted in the current study will take two forms: the first is a quantitative analysis (i.e. correspondence analysis) and the other is a qualitative analysis (i.e. discourse analysis). The next chapter introduces the methodology of correspondence analysis as it will be utilized in the current study. 46
CHAPTER 4. Correspondence analysis [It] would not be possible using tests such as the chi-squared test to examine the vocabulary relations between five different genres, except on a word-by-word basis. To perform such holistic comparisons for large numbers of variables we need a different type of statistical technique a multivariate one. (McEnery & Wilson, 2001, p. 88) 4.1. Introduction In the current study, the form of multivariate analysis known as correspondence analysis is adopted in order to visualize the complex interrelationship between linguistic patterns and disciplinary discourses. The aim of this chapter is to explain what correspondence analysis is, how it works, and why it is particularly well suited to the research described in this thesis. The chapter begins by reviewing previous quantitative approaches to text analysis, focusing in parti associates (e.g. Biber, 1988; Biber et al., 1999). I also present arguments for preferring to use correspondence analysis in the current study. Finally, I show what actually happens in a correspondence analysis, in order to clarify black box. 4.2. Quantitative corpus-based approaches to discourse analysis Many researchers have used quantitative methods in order to study specialized discourses, genres and text types from a corpus-based perspective. Of these, two statistical approaches have proved particularly popular in recent years. The first of these is commonly known as keywords analysis. Keyword analysis is strongly associated with the work of Mike Scott (1997, 2002; Scott & Tribble, 2006), whose software suite WordSmith Tools (which includes a keyword analysis tool) is largely responsible for the current popularity of this approach. Basically, the aim of keyword analysis is to use quantitative procedures to identify words that are deemed to be particularly associated with the corpus under analysis, and which therefore can serve as points of departure for further (usually qualitative) study. There are two main stages to keyword analysis. Firstly, computer software is used to generate two word lists one taken from the corpus under investigation, and the other from a larger and more general compares the relative frequencies of each word in each word list, using a statistical test such 47
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Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinar
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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CONTENTS C H APT E R 1. Introductio
Page 7 and 8: C H APT E R 9. The second theme: Re
Page 9 and 10: Figure A-1 Histogram for tokens of
Page 11 and 12: Table 8.15 The SKILFULNESS group in
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1. Genera
Page 15 and 16: study are still not large enough fo
Page 17 and 18: RQ1) Is it valuable to apply a new
Page 19 and 20: in the way each of these evaluative
Page 21 and 22: disciplines feature different bodie
Page 23 and 24: White and Liccardi (2006) have show
Page 25 and 26: However, it was not possible to cla
Page 27 and 28: typically presented as impersonal a
Page 29 and 30: 2.5. Applied linguistics and busine
Page 31 and 32: 2.6.2. Business studies Business co
Page 33 and 34: Swales (2004) thus offers a rather
Page 35 and 36: genre has come increasingly under t
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3. Pattern, meaning and eva
Page 39 and 40: 170). 7 On the basis of the vast am
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. Lexico-grammatical patterns 3.
Page 43 and 44: syntactic patterns encodes differen
Page 45 and 46: RESULT/DATA based on DATA/THEORY In
Page 47 and 48: (Biber, 1988, p. 237). Indeed, Chaf
Page 49 and 50: aspect of language use. For these r
Page 51 and 52: 1986), hedging (Holmes, 1988; Hylan
Page 53 and 54: adverbs but rather in certain patte
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Page 57: are also interrelated. In an attemp
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Page 63 and 64: appeal of multivariate analysis is
Page 65 and 66: While such observations might be in
Page 67 and 68: The contingency table has the follo
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 5. Corpus creation and meth
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Page 73 and 74: As Figure 5.1 illustrates, regardle
Page 75 and 76: corpus-based discourse analysis. Th
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Page 79 and 80: 5.3.4. Discourse analysis procedure
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 6. A case study In this cha
Page 83 and 84: express human feelings: specificall
Page 85 and 86: contingency table consists of 66 ro
Page 87 and 88: of this case study is limited. Howe
Page 89 and 90: likely to express what they feel ab
Page 91 and 92: 6.2.2. The NERVOUSNESS group While
Page 93 and 94: adjectives in this group in the pat
Page 95 and 96: While the LSP enthusiastic about N
Page 97 and 98: AWARE and IGNORANT group in Francis
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 7. Data analyses 7.1. Intro
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Page 105 and 106: Tables 7.2 and 7.3 above indicate t
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Table 7.5 above indicates that simi
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about for from in of on to with 8 l
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In the plot shown in Figure 7.1, it
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Figure 7.4. Adjective plot in the s
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Figure 7.7. Adjective plot for A DJ
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Figure 7.9. Adjective plot for the
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same time. This being the case, I h
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Other adjectives in this quadrant a
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This concludes my analysis of the e
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Figure 7.21 also indicates that adj
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With the sole exception of the patt
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evaluation (Martin & Rose, 2007, p.
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judgments tend to draw on both emot
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[Business studies: neutral about/on
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modals in BC, on the other hand, mo
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 more 14
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itself. 8.1.3. Importance The third
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Fewer of the control variables are
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someone/something is certain or unc
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current/past oriented. While the nu
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monogloss heterogloss ALC 35%(7) 65
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that the default assumption among a
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monogloss heterogloss ALC 29%(4) 71
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general category of appreciation as
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while the BC examples evaluate the
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it seems that researchers in busine
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Overall, my findings suggest that a
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interpretation. Finally, these sema
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entities. This group is especially
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[Applied Linguistics] [
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The proportions for this group are
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In addition, this LSP strongly occu
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or evidence in the writers (ongoing
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Francis et al. (1998, p. 479) indic
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In summary, the intensity of severa
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The depended- entities in ALC are p
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order ALC freq. BC freq. 1 differen
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[Business Studies] Thi
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[Applied Linguistics] Scores (but
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In general, business studies discou
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 involved
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[Applied Linguistics]
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[Business Studies] Language is
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something (e.g. ability, knowledge,
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[Business Studies] Only companies
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adverbs. Table 9.18 below summarize
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 responsi
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 present
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ALC BC Negative Noun inherent other
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In each of the above concordances t
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Several adjectives in this group in
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[Business Studies] Our sample is r
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 study 27
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[Business studies: model + based on
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particular thing in order to deepen
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across the two disciplines. However
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A DJ PR EP N. Figure 10.1. Discipli
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likely to occur in applied linguist
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10.3.2. Cause vs. Effect As argued
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and unostentatious fashion. This fi
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10.4. Conclusion The fundamental as
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as follows: [A new methodology] RQ1
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linguistics and business studies on
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disciplinary culture of the two dis
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p. 156). By investigating a corpus,
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Figure A-3: Histogram for types of
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Appendix B: Tables for adjectives i
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vague 1 worried 1 1 2 1 2 1 wrong 1
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indispensable 1 1 ineligible 2 1 in
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indistinguishable 8 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
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immersed 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 implicated 4
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Table B-10. Contingency table for t
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12 conditional 3 clear 5 26 good 1
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51 free 17 unique 18 141 antagonist
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comparable 21 2 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 4 7
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new 2 12 1 11 2 5 4 8 3 2 9 3 45 ne
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27 comparable 4 competitive 3 68 si
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pregnant 1 preoccupied 2 1 1 replet
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crucial-as 1 effecti
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puzzled-by 1 recogni
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SRHE/Open University Press Bell, R.
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articles in biology and history. In
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Herbert, A. (1965). The structure o
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Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the
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Rundell, M. (Ed.). (2007). Macmilla
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functional perspective. English for
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