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On the other hand, adjectives in the area of business studies in Figure 7.5 (i.e. the first, third and fourth quadrants) tend to describe relations between things, especially expressing responsibility how someone/something has the responsibility for something) or potentiality (i.e. /someone has particular potential for/to do something. Such adjectives include accountable, responsible, profitable, liable, payable, qualified, beneficial, ineligible and so on. (N.B. Adjectives expressing responsibility are likely to be negative towards things, as will see later). Some adjectives are clearly associated with the subject matter of business studies (e.g. payable, liable, profitable). Thus, the correspondence analysis suggests that the pattern A DJ for N is evaluative and positive in applied linguistics, whereas it is relational and negative in business studies. The third set of plots provide data for the pattern A DJ from N. As can be seen in Figure 7.6, sub-disciplines of applied linguistics gravitate together within the area between -0.4 and +0.4 in the scale of dimension 1, whereas business sub-disciplines are located in two groups, in the areas of less than -0.4 and more than +0.4 in its scale. This plot indicates that particular adjectives occur more frequently in the pattern A DJ from N in business studies than they do in applied linguistics. As Figure 7.7 shows, such adjectives include independent (5 in ALC; 13 in BC), exempt (1 in ALC; 9 in BC), consistent (0 in ALC; 2 in BC), indistinguishable (6 in ALC; 13 in BC), available (16 in ALC; 42 in BC) and so on. Figure 7.6. Sub-discipline plot for the pattern A DJ from N (37.56%) 104
Figure 7.7. Adjective plot for A DJ from N (37.56%) Conversely, adjectives close to the axis of dimension 2 (viz. the area of applied linguistics) such as separated (14 in ALC; 8 in BC) and evident (13 in ALC; 9 in BC) occur more frequently in ALC than BC. That is, adjectives in business studies are likely to occur in applied linguistics as well. This is largely because samples (viz. sub-disciplines) in each quadrant or in the positive / negative area of each dimension (e.g. the first and second quadrants are the positive area of dimension 1) have a similar response pattern of variables (viz. adjectives in the pattern). That is, it may be a little too radical to assert a clear distinction in the use of adjectives in the pattern A DJ from N between the two disciplines. Overall, adjectives in the pattern A DJ from N are likely to express various kinds of relation between things, particularly the (no) distance between things (viz. the DISTANCE group in the current study), irrespective of disciplines, such as different, far, distinct, separate, independent, inseparable, free, divorced and so on. However, the particular preference for specific adjective types does differ between applied linguistics and business studies, as will be discussed in detail in Sections 9.1.4 (i.e. the DISTANCE group) and 9.1.5 (i.e. the DETECTABILITY group) of this thesis. 105
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Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinar
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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CONTENTS C H APT E R 1. Introductio
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C H APT E R 9. The second theme: Re
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Figure A-1 Histogram for tokens of
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Table 8.15 The SKILFULNESS group in
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CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1. Genera
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study are still not large enough fo
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RQ1) Is it valuable to apply a new
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in the way each of these evaluative
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disciplines feature different bodie
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White and Liccardi (2006) have show
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However, it was not possible to cla
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typically presented as impersonal a
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2.5. Applied linguistics and busine
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2.6.2. Business studies Business co
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Swales (2004) thus offers a rather
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genre has come increasingly under t
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CHAPTER 3. Pattern, meaning and eva
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170). 7 On the basis of the vast am
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3.3. Lexico-grammatical patterns 3.
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syntactic patterns encodes differen
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RESULT/DATA based on DATA/THEORY In
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(Biber, 1988, p. 237). Indeed, Chaf
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aspect of language use. For these r
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1986), hedging (Holmes, 1988; Hylan
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adverbs but rather in certain patte
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average work is described as sound
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are also interrelated. In an attemp
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CHAPTER 4. Correspondence analysis
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- end. Although there is no doubt t
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appeal of multivariate analysis is
Page 65 and 66: While such observations might be in
Page 67 and 68: The contingency table has the follo
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 5. Corpus creation and meth
Page 71 and 72: of sub-disciplines contained within
Page 73 and 74: As Figure 5.1 illustrates, regardle
Page 75 and 76: corpus-based discourse analysis. Th
Page 77 and 78: analysis was conducted with the mat
Page 79 and 80: 5.3.4. Discourse analysis procedure
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 6. A case study In this cha
Page 83 and 84: express human feelings: specificall
Page 85 and 86: contingency table consists of 66 ro
Page 87 and 88: of this case study is limited. Howe
Page 89 and 90: likely to express what they feel ab
Page 91 and 92: 6.2.2. The NERVOUSNESS group While
Page 93 and 94: adjectives in this group in the pat
Page 95 and 96: While the LSP enthusiastic about N
Page 97 and 98: AWARE and IGNORANT group in Francis
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 7. Data analyses 7.1. Intro
Page 101 and 102: The table is divided into high-freq
Page 103 and 104: about of Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. B
Page 105 and 106: Tables 7.2 and 7.3 above indicate t
Page 107 and 108: same for a corpus of a more special
Page 109 and 110: Table 7.5 above indicates that simi
Page 111 and 112: about for from in of on to with 8 l
Page 113 and 114: In the plot shown in Figure 7.1, it
Page 115: Figure 7.4. Adjective plot in the s
Page 119 and 120: Figure 7.9. Adjective plot for the
Page 125 and 126: same time. This being the case, I h
Page 127 and 128: Other adjectives in this quadrant a
Page 129 and 130: This concludes my analysis of the e
Page 131 and 132: Figure 7.21 also indicates that adj
Page 133 and 134: With the sole exception of the patt
Page 135 and 136: evaluation (Martin & Rose, 2007, p.
Page 137 and 138: judgments tend to draw on both emot
Page 139 and 140: [Business studies: neutral about/on
Page 141 and 142: modals in BC, on the other hand, mo
Page 143 and 144: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 more 14
Page 145 and 146: itself. 8.1.3. Importance The third
Page 147 and 148: Fewer of the control variables are
Page 149 and 150: someone/something is certain or unc
Page 151 and 152: current/past oriented. While the nu
Page 153 and 154: monogloss heterogloss ALC 35%(7) 65
Page 155 and 156: that the default assumption among a
Page 157 and 158: monogloss heterogloss ALC 29%(4) 71
Page 159 and 160: general category of appreciation as
Page 161 and 162: while the BC examples evaluate the
Page 163 and 164: it seems that researchers in busine
Page 165 and 166: Overall, my findings suggest that a
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interpretation. Finally, these sema
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entities. This group is especially
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[Applied Linguistics] [
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The proportions for this group are
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In addition, this LSP strongly occu
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or evidence in the writers (ongoing
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Francis et al. (1998, p. 479) indic
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In summary, the intensity of severa
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The depended- entities in ALC are p
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order ALC freq. BC freq. 1 differen
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[Business Studies] Thi
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[Applied Linguistics] Scores (but
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In general, business studies discou
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 involved
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[Applied Linguistics]
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[Business Studies] Language is
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something (e.g. ability, knowledge,
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[Business Studies] Only companies
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adverbs. Table 9.18 below summarize
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 responsi
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 present
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ALC BC Negative Noun inherent other
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In each of the above concordances t
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Several adjectives in this group in
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[Business Studies] Our sample is r
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 study 27
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[Business studies: model + based on
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particular thing in order to deepen
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across the two disciplines. However
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A DJ PR EP N. Figure 10.1. Discipli
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likely to occur in applied linguist
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10.3.2. Cause vs. Effect As argued
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and unostentatious fashion. This fi
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10.4. Conclusion The fundamental as
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as follows: [A new methodology] RQ1
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linguistics and business studies on
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disciplinary culture of the two dis
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p. 156). By investigating a corpus,
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Figure A-3: Histogram for types of
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Appendix B: Tables for adjectives i
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vague 1 worried 1 1 2 1 2 1 wrong 1
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indispensable 1 1 ineligible 2 1 in
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indistinguishable 8 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
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immersed 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 implicated 4
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Table B-10. Contingency table for t
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12 conditional 3 clear 5 26 good 1
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51 free 17 unique 18 141 antagonist
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comparable 21 2 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 4 7
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new 2 12 1 11 2 5 4 8 3 2 9 3 45 ne
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27 comparable 4 competitive 3 68 si
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pregnant 1 preoccupied 2 1 1 replet
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crucial-as 1 effecti
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puzzled-by 1 recogni
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SRHE/Open University Press Bell, R.
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articles in biology and history. In
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Herbert, A. (1965). The structure o
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Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the
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Rundell, M. (Ed.). (2007). Macmilla
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functional perspective. English for
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