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dictionaries published in the UK several of these words are not listed as adjectives (e.g. COBUILD 5th edition (Sinclair, 2006) lists absorbed as an adjective only with the interested meaning), several English-Japanese dictionaries provide a much fuller list of their adjectival meanings (e.g. the unabridged GENIUS English-Japanese dictionary (Konishi & Minamide, 2002) lists absorbed as an adjective also with the state of absorption meaning). Such differences may be due to the fact that the former prioritizes practical description (i.e. how language is used in real life) whereas the latter focuses more on theoretical description (i.e. how language is theoretically systematized in a dictionary). Related to this are differences in policy with regard to the treatment of ed forms which some linguists regard as the past participle of a verb and others regard as adjectives, particularly when followed by a prepositional phrase (e.g. I am bored by this; he is involved in drug smuggling). Following the description listed in English-Japanese dictionaries, I decided to opt for the more comprehensive approach, and to include the words with ed form followed by the preposition by as adjectives in this group. As might be expected, this pattern describes relations of power and force between things. However, as Table 9.13 below shows, this group can also express an absence of effect - the adjective unaffected stands at the top of the frequency list for ALC, and in second place in BC: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 unaffected 13 possessed 30 2 threatened 5 unaffected 14 3 impressed 4 absorbed 12 4 confused 4 threatened 7 5 possessed 3 unencumbered 3 6 surprised 1 perturbed 2 7 concerned 1 concerned 2 8 daunted 1 obsessed 1 9 disappointed 1 surprised 1 10 conspicuous 1 intrigued 1 11 untouched 1 convinced 1 12 untainted 1 confused 1 13 stronger 1 impressed 1 14 fascinated 1 15 unhampered 1 16 encumbered 1 17 notable 1 Total 37 80 Prop. 32% 68% Table 9.13. The AFFECTEDNESS group in A DJ by N 178
In general, business studies discourse seems to focus more on this meaning than applied linguistics. Indeed, one LSP, absorbed by N, only occurs in BC. This LSP describes situations in which one thing is subsumed by another (presumably more powerful or compelling) thing. [Business Studies] Adjectives by which N2 nouns are modified (e.g. larger, big, bigger) indicate the potential power of the entity at N2 to be able to absorb the entity at N1. The collocating amplifier completely and the modal must also foreground such force relations between two entities in the field of business. relations is viewed as entirely unproblematic by business studies researchers; that is, such acquisitions are presented in evaluatively neutral and normative terms, which suggests that they are to be seen as entirely natural and normal, and thus as an inevitable feature of how business is conducted. Finally, business studies is more likely to focus on the particulars of how one entity is affected by another than is the case in applied linguistics. Key resources for making this meaning are the adverbs positively and negatively. The collocation with positively/negatively only occurs once in ALC (viz. positively impacted by N), but there are 22 examples in BC (viz. 10 examples with positively, and 12 with negatively). A selection of these is presented below: 179
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Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinar
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
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CONTENTS C H APT E R 1. Introductio
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C H APT E R 9. The second theme: Re
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Figure A-1 Histogram for tokens of
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Table 8.15 The SKILFULNESS group in
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CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1. Genera
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study are still not large enough fo
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RQ1) Is it valuable to apply a new
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in the way each of these evaluative
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disciplines feature different bodie
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White and Liccardi (2006) have show
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However, it was not possible to cla
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typically presented as impersonal a
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2.5. Applied linguistics and busine
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2.6.2. Business studies Business co
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Swales (2004) thus offers a rather
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genre has come increasingly under t
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CHAPTER 3. Pattern, meaning and eva
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170). 7 On the basis of the vast am
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3.3. Lexico-grammatical patterns 3.
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syntactic patterns encodes differen
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RESULT/DATA based on DATA/THEORY In
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(Biber, 1988, p. 237). Indeed, Chaf
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aspect of language use. For these r
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1986), hedging (Holmes, 1988; Hylan
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adverbs but rather in certain patte
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average work is described as sound
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are also interrelated. In an attemp
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CHAPTER 4. Correspondence analysis
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- end. Although there is no doubt t
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appeal of multivariate analysis is
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While such observations might be in
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The contingency table has the follo
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CHAPTER 5. Corpus creation and meth
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of sub-disciplines contained within
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As Figure 5.1 illustrates, regardle
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corpus-based discourse analysis. Th
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analysis was conducted with the mat
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5.3.4. Discourse analysis procedure
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CHAPTER 6. A case study In this cha
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express human feelings: specificall
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contingency table consists of 66 ro
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of this case study is limited. Howe
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likely to express what they feel ab
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6.2.2. The NERVOUSNESS group While
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adjectives in this group in the pat
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While the LSP enthusiastic about N
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AWARE and IGNORANT group in Francis
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CHAPTER 7. Data analyses 7.1. Intro
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The table is divided into high-freq
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about of Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. B
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Tables 7.2 and 7.3 above indicate t
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same for a corpus of a more special
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Table 7.5 above indicates that simi
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about for from in of on to with 8 l
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In the plot shown in Figure 7.1, it
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Figure 7.4. Adjective plot in the s
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Figure 7.7. Adjective plot for A DJ
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Figure 7.9. Adjective plot for the
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same time. This being the case, I h
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Other adjectives in this quadrant a
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This concludes my analysis of the e
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Figure 7.21 also indicates that adj
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With the sole exception of the patt
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evaluation (Martin & Rose, 2007, p.
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judgments tend to draw on both emot
Page 139 and 140: [Business studies: neutral about/on
Page 141 and 142: modals in BC, on the other hand, mo
Page 143 and 144: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 more 14
Page 145 and 146: itself. 8.1.3. Importance The third
Page 147 and 148: Fewer of the control variables are
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Page 151 and 152: current/past oriented. While the nu
Page 153 and 154: monogloss heterogloss ALC 35%(7) 65
Page 155 and 156: that the default assumption among a
Page 157 and 158: monogloss heterogloss ALC 29%(4) 71
Page 159 and 160: general category of appreciation as
Page 161 and 162: while the BC examples evaluate the
Page 163 and 164: it seems that researchers in busine
Page 165 and 166: Overall, my findings suggest that a
Page 167 and 168: interpretation. Finally, these sema
Page 169 and 170: entities. This group is especially
Page 171 and 172: [Applied Linguistics] [
Page 173 and 174: The proportions for this group are
Page 175 and 176: In addition, this LSP strongly occu
Page 177 and 178: or evidence in the writers (ongoing
Page 179 and 180: Francis et al. (1998, p. 479) indic
Page 181 and 182: In summary, the intensity of severa
Page 183 and 184: The depended- entities in ALC are p
Page 185 and 186: order ALC freq. BC freq. 1 differen
Page 187 and 188: [Business Studies] Thi
Page 189: [Applied Linguistics] Scores (but
Page 193 and 194: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 involved
Page 195 and 196: [Applied Linguistics]
Page 197 and 198: [Business Studies] Language is
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Page 201 and 202: [Business Studies] Only companies
Page 203 and 204: adverbs. Table 9.18 below summarize
Page 205 and 206: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 responsi
Page 207 and 208: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 present
Page 209 and 210: ALC BC Negative Noun inherent other
Page 211 and 212: In each of the above concordances t
Page 213 and 214: Several adjectives in this group in
Page 215 and 216: [Business Studies] Our sample is r
Page 217 and 218: Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 study 27
Page 219 and 220: [Business studies: model + based on
Page 221 and 222: particular thing in order to deepen
Page 223 and 224: across the two disciplines. However
Page 225 and 226: A DJ PR EP N. Figure 10.1. Discipli
Page 227 and 228: likely to occur in applied linguist
Page 229 and 230: 10.3.2. Cause vs. Effect As argued
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Page 233 and 234: 10.4. Conclusion The fundamental as
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Page 237 and 238: linguistics and business studies on
Page 239 and 240: disciplinary culture of the two dis
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p. 156). By investigating a corpus,
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Figure A-3: Histogram for types of
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Appendix B: Tables for adjectives i
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vague 1 worried 1 1 2 1 2 1 wrong 1
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indispensable 1 1 ineligible 2 1 in
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indistinguishable 8 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
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immersed 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 implicated 4
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Table B-10. Contingency table for t
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12 conditional 3 clear 5 26 good 1
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51 free 17 unique 18 141 antagonist
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comparable 21 2 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 4 7
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new 2 12 1 11 2 5 4 8 3 2 9 3 45 ne
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27 comparable 4 competitive 3 68 si
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pregnant 1 preoccupied 2 1 1 replet
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crucial-as 1 effecti
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puzzled-by 1 recogni
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SRHE/Open University Press Bell, R.
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articles in biology and history. In
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Herbert, A. (1965). The structure o
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Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the
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Rundell, M. (Ed.). (2007). Macmilla
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functional perspective. English for
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