Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinary Values - eTheses Repository ...

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!!. Charles (2006) likewise suggests that disciplinary differences in characteristic linguistic choices are ultimately reflective of differences in the ideology and epistemology of each discipline. A work demonstrates, ways of organizing ideas in each academic discourse community differ especially in the type of lexico-grammatical patterning used, and such patterns are an important linguistic resource for encoding disciplinary culture. This being the case, it is necessary for EAP teachers to present their students with detailed accounts of the specific linguistic features of the academic disciplines that they are being apprenticed into. This thesis aims to make a practical contribution to this end, by providing new information about the kinds of evaluative meaning that are expressed by adjective patterns in the two disciplines of applied linguistics and business studies. Although this thesis was initially motivated by practical and pedagogic concerns, as stated above, it has also become increasingly strongly informed by issues of a more general theoretical and methodological nature. In particular, this thesis proposes a new methodology for identifying the complex associations between a discipline and its pattern use. Pattern Grammar (hereafter, PG) has been used successfully to analyse academic specialized discourses (e.g. Charles, 2004, 2006; Groom, 2005). However, some linguists have criticised PG for lacking methodological sophistication; in particular, it has been described as lacking a quantitative dimension (e.g. Gries, 2008). 1 Thus, the current study attempts to show not only PGs sophistication as a qualitative approach to discourse analysis but also how PG can be used in a quantitatively sophisticated manner, by utilizing the methodology of multivariate analysis. 1.4. Research questions The current study investigates how the pattern A DJ PR EP N is used in RAs in the academic fields of applied linguistics and business studies. In particular, the current study attempts to reveal both linguistic and cultural differences through the behaviour of this pattern in these -disciplines. The three main research questions (hereafter, RQs) in the current study are presented as follows: 1 Gries (2008) has particularly stated, p. 18). 4
RQ1) Is it valuable to apply a new methodology (viz. correspondence analysis) to disciplinary discourse research? RQ2) What sort of differences are quantitatively and qualitatively identified in the pattern use between two disciplinary corpora through a corpus-based approach? RQ3) What sort of insights into disciplinary culture can be gained and generalized from an investigation of the pattern A DJ PR EP N in applied linguistics and business studies? In terms of RQ1, I attempt to test whether the computers eyes can identify clear differences in the adjective choice in the pattern A DJ PR EP N across two corpora representing two academic disciplines. Here, I assume that discipline, context, pattern and word are closely interrelated, and that the computer will thus to a certain extent be able to distinguish the tokens and types of adjectives in the pattern between two disciplines. Although RQ1 may seem to be a peripheral question, I believe that the agenda in question is relatively important in the field of academic discourse analysis, since previous studies in this field have tended to prioritize qualitative findings but have paid little attention towards developing a correspondingly more sophisticated quantitative methodology. The hypothesis underlying RQ2 is that phraseology is quantitatively and qualitatively biased towards a particular discipline, since disciplinary culture affects peoples language use in academic discourse. I attempt to reveal language features peculiar to applied linguistics and business studies. In terms of RQ3, my hypothesis is that disciplinary culture is reflected in the textual meaning expressed by patterns in each academic discipline. Thus, I attempt to delineate a picture of the disciplinary cultures of applied linguistics and business studies based on the findings of my pattern investigation. In order to answer these questions, quantitative and qualitative data about phraseologies having the pattern A DJ PR EP N will be extracted from two corpora of RAs in applied linguistics and business studies. If it is the case that a disciplinary culture affects its language use in discourse, my claim will be that it is the corpus-based approach that can best measure the differences in the behaviour of lexico-grammatical patterns between the distinct disciplines. 5
Page 1 and 2: Evaluative Meanings and Disciplinar
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT The purpose of this study
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS C H APT E R 1. Introductio
Page 7 and 8: C H APT E R 9. The second theme: Re
Page 9 and 10: Figure A-1 Histogram for tokens of
Page 11 and 12: Table 8.15 The SKILFULNESS group in
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1.1. Genera
Page 15: study are still not large enough fo
Page 19 and 20: in the way each of these evaluative
Page 21 and 22: disciplines feature different bodie
Page 23 and 24: White and Liccardi (2006) have show
Page 25 and 26: However, it was not possible to cla
Page 27 and 28: typically presented as impersonal a
Page 29 and 30: 2.5. Applied linguistics and busine
Page 31 and 32: 2.6.2. Business studies Business co
Page 33 and 34: Swales (2004) thus offers a rather
Page 35 and 36: genre has come increasingly under t
Page 37 and 38: CHAPTER 3. Pattern, meaning and eva
Page 39 and 40: 170). 7 On the basis of the vast am
Page 41 and 42: 3.3. Lexico-grammatical patterns 3.
Page 43 and 44: syntactic patterns encodes differen
Page 45 and 46: RESULT/DATA based on DATA/THEORY In
Page 47 and 48: (Biber, 1988, p. 237). Indeed, Chaf
Page 49 and 50: aspect of language use. For these r
Page 51 and 52: 1986), hedging (Holmes, 1988; Hylan
Page 53 and 54: adverbs but rather in certain patte
Page 55 and 56: average work is described as sound
Page 57 and 58: are also interrelated. In an attemp
Page 59 and 60: CHAPTER 4. Correspondence analysis
Page 61 and 62: - end. Although there is no doubt t
Page 63 and 64: appeal of multivariate analysis is
Page 65 and 66: While such observations might be in
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The contingency table has the follo
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CHAPTER 5. Corpus creation and meth
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of sub-disciplines contained within
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As Figure 5.1 illustrates, regardle
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corpus-based discourse analysis. Th
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analysis was conducted with the mat
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5.3.4. Discourse analysis procedure
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CHAPTER 6. A case study In this cha
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express human feelings: specificall
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contingency table consists of 66 ro
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of this case study is limited. Howe
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likely to express what they feel ab
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6.2.2. The NERVOUSNESS group While
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adjectives in this group in the pat
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While the LSP enthusiastic about N
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AWARE and IGNORANT group in Francis
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CHAPTER 7. Data analyses 7.1. Intro
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The table is divided into high-freq
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about of Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. B
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Tables 7.2 and 7.3 above indicate t
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same for a corpus of a more special
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Table 7.5 above indicates that simi
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about for from in of on to with 8 l
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In the plot shown in Figure 7.1, it
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Figure 7.4. Adjective plot in the s
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Figure 7.7. Adjective plot for A DJ
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Figure 7.9. Adjective plot for the
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same time. This being the case, I h
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Other adjectives in this quadrant a
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This concludes my analysis of the e
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Figure 7.21 also indicates that adj
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With the sole exception of the patt
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evaluation (Martin & Rose, 2007, p.
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judgments tend to draw on both emot
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[Business studies: neutral about/on
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modals in BC, on the other hand, mo
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 more 14
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itself. 8.1.3. Importance The third
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Fewer of the control variables are
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someone/something is certain or unc
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current/past oriented. While the nu
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monogloss heterogloss ALC 35%(7) 65
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that the default assumption among a
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monogloss heterogloss ALC 29%(4) 71
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general category of appreciation as
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while the BC examples evaluate the
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it seems that researchers in busine
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Overall, my findings suggest that a
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interpretation. Finally, these sema
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entities. This group is especially
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[Applied Linguistics] [
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The proportions for this group are
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In addition, this LSP strongly occu
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or evidence in the writers (ongoing
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Francis et al. (1998, p. 479) indic
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In summary, the intensity of severa
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The depended- entities in ALC are p
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order ALC freq. BC freq. 1 differen
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[Business Studies] Thi
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[Applied Linguistics] Scores (but
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In general, business studies discou
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 involved
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[Applied Linguistics]
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[Business Studies] Language is
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something (e.g. ability, knowledge,
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[Business Studies] Only companies
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adverbs. Table 9.18 below summarize
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 responsi
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 present
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ALC BC Negative Noun inherent other
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In each of the above concordances t
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Several adjectives in this group in
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[Business Studies] Our sample is r
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Order ALC Freq. BC Freq. 1 study 27
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[Business studies: model + based on
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particular thing in order to deepen
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across the two disciplines. However
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A DJ PR EP N. Figure 10.1. Discipli
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likely to occur in applied linguist
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10.3.2. Cause vs. Effect As argued
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and unostentatious fashion. This fi
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10.4. Conclusion The fundamental as
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as follows: [A new methodology] RQ1
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linguistics and business studies on
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disciplinary culture of the two dis
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p. 156). By investigating a corpus,
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Figure A-3: Histogram for types of
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Appendix B: Tables for adjectives i
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vague 1 worried 1 1 2 1 2 1 wrong 1
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indispensable 1 1 ineligible 2 1 in
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indistinguishable 8 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 i
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immersed 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 implicated 4
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Table B-10. Contingency table for t
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12 conditional 3 clear 5 26 good 1
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51 free 17 unique 18 141 antagonist
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comparable 21 2 8 3 1 2 3 11 3 4 7
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new 2 12 1 11 2 5 4 8 3 2 9 3 45 ne
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27 comparable 4 competitive 3 68 si
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pregnant 1 preoccupied 2 1 1 replet
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crucial-as 1 effecti
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puzzled-by 1 recogni
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SRHE/Open University Press Bell, R.
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articles in biology and history. In
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Herbert, A. (1965). The structure o
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Lewis, M. (1997). Implementing the
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Rundell, M. (Ed.). (2007). Macmilla
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functional perspective. English for
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