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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial has been recorded from Bride Street (Ó Floinn 1998, 132), while similar burials have also been identified nearby at Ship Street Great and South Great George’s Street (Simpson 2005). This strongly indicates an early Scandinavian settlement in the area and they may have lived alongside the natives for a number of years (possibly related to the earliest phases at Ship Street, Bride Street and Golden Lane) before the town was established across the River Poddle to the north. Evidence for habitation, agriculture and industry – contemporary with the cemetery – consisted of refuse pits, a cereal-drying kiln, a lime kiln, a mortar pit and a well (O’Donovan 2008, 53–63). The settlement evidence consisted of two pits. Charcoal from the primary fill of one of the pits dated it to A.D. 868-1018. This refuse pit contained large quantities of animal bone and five perforated bone pins. The other pit produced a belt buckle fragment. An L- shaped cereal-drying kiln – dated to the tenth century – was located close to the pits and was potentially contemporary. Several episodes of cereal drying were evident and oats dominated the assemblage. The oats dried at the kiln were probably utilised by those in the immediate settlement and also for the inhabitants of the enclosed town to the north. Finally, a complex of features – including the lime kiln, mortar pit and well – were utilised for lime production and possibly the construction of St Michael le Pole church. The well was dated to A.D. 1022- 1164 and this overlaps with the construction date for the church in the early twelfth century. Contemporary evidence for lime production was also recorded from Phase II at Ship Street which indicates organised and relatively large scale construction. Excavation also occurred directly west of O’Donovan’s investigations and on the opposite side of Chancery Lane (Walsh 2009). The earliest activity was dominated by a metalled roadway which extended over 21m and had a maximum width of 2.35m. The road consisted of a surface with closely set stones and was flanked by a gully on its north-west side and was slightly sunken on its south side. The gully contained small quantities of butchered animal bone and shell fish. Animal bone from the road was dated to A.D. 765-895 and it probably functioned as a route-way before going out of use by the end of the ninth century (Walsh 2009, 15–9). A series of stakeholes revealed a small potential structure – 4m north-south by 2.5m east-west – with rounded corners along the west side of the road. No hearth or flooring levels were identified but its presence may explain the occupational debris along the road and in the gully (Walsh 2009, 20–1). Rounded corners are not typical of rectangular Irish dwellings so this could tentatively represent a small Scandinavian Type 2 structure based on its morphology and lack of hearth. A similarly sized and shaped structure has been recorded from mid ninth century levels at Temple Bar West (Simpson 1999), while an early Scandinavian presence in the area has already been discussed (above). Walsh (2009) has linked the road to the sunken channel at Bride Street and suggests that this area was laid out in an ordered fashion with road and plots in the middle ninth-century (Fig. 129). The remains of four burials were associated with Phase I. Three were dated between approximately the eighth and late ninth centuries while another was slightly later and was dated to A.D. 777-969 (Walsh 2009, 19–21). Phase II has been dated between the tenth and twelfth centuries and consisted of a possible small structure, stakeholes, refuse and cess pits. Artefacts, animal bone and charcoal were rare and the roadway had gone out of use (Walsh 2009, 21–4). The presence of a Scandinavian group – potentially both living and burying their dead – within or at the edges of an ecclesiastical site from the early and middle ninth century deviates from the historical accounts of raids and bloodshed at monastic sites. The church and round tower at St Michael le Pole has been dated to the early twelfth century while the preceding phases indicate settlement, agriculture and industry from possibly the late seventh century. The archaeological evidence points to natives and newcomers living and burying their dead side-by-side prior to the construction of the stone church and tower. The annals suggest the presence of a monastery in this area in the seventh and eighth centuries so a wooden church may have preceded the stone building at St Michael le Pole. If this is 240
Dublin accurate, it further points to the peaceful coexistence of the two groups at a time when history tells of the heathen Norsemen. Fig. 126: Location of St. Michael le Pole, Dublin (after McMahon 2002, 119). Fig. 127: Plan of St. Michael le Pole, Dublin (after Gowen 2001, 25). 241
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
Page 23 and 24:
Introduction (commonly referred to
Page 25 and 26:
Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Page 41 and 42:
Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
Page 43 and 44:
Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
Page 47 and 48:
Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Page 53 and 54:
Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Page 63 and 64:
Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
Page 216 and 217: Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
Page 218 and 219: Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 220 and 221: Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 222 and 223: Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
Page 224 and 225: Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
Page 226 and 227: Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
Page 228 and 229: Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
Page 230 and 231: Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
Page 232 and 233: Dublin interface of this layer and
Page 234 and 235: Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
Page 236 and 237: Dublin The following is based on ge
Page 238 and 239: Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
Page 240 and 241: Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
Page 242 and 243: Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
Page 244 and 245: Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
Page 246 and 247: Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
Page 248 and 249: Dublin Excavations occurred directl
Page 250 and 251: Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
Page 252 and 253: Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
Page 254 and 255: Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
Page 256 and 257: Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
Page 258 and 259: Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
Page 260 and 261: Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 262 and 263: Dublin were suggestive of a number
Page 264 and 265: Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
Page 268 and 269: Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
Page 270 and 271: Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
Page 272 and 273: Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
Page 274 and 275: Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
Page 276 and 277: Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
Page 278 and 279: Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 280 and 281: Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
Page 282 and 283: Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
Page 284 and 285: Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 286 and 287: Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
Page 288 and 289: Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
Page 290 and 291: Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
Page 292 and 293: Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
Page 294 and 295: Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
Page 296 and 297: Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
Page 298 and 299: Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 300 and 301: Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
Page 302 and 303: Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
Page 304 and 305: Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
Page 306 and 307: Kerry unique mix of architectural c
Page 308 and 309: Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
Page 310 and 311: Kerry House 9 was located at the so
Page 312 and 313: Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
Page 314 and 315: Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
Page 358 and 359:
Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
Page 368 and 369:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 370 and 371:
Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
Page 374 and 375:
Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
Page 398 and 399:
Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
Page 406 and 407:
Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
Page 412 and 413:
Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
Page 416 and 417:
Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 418 and 419:
Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
Page 420 and 421:
Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
Page 422 and 423:
Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
Page 424 and 425:
Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427:
Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429:
Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431:
Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
Page 432 and 433:
Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
Page 434 and 435:
Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
Page 436 and 437:
Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 438 and 439:
Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 440 and 441:
Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
Page 442 and 443:
Louth Archaeological investigations
Page 444 and 445:
Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447:
Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 448 and 449:
Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
Page 450 and 451:
Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 452 and 453:
Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
Page 454 and 455:
Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
Page 456 and 457:
Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459:
Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461:
Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463:
Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465:
Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467:
Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469:
Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471:
Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 472 and 473:
Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475:
Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
Page 476 and 477:
Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 478 and 479:
Meath possibly a foundation deposit
Page 480 and 481:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 484 and 485:
Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 488 and 489:
Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
Page 490 and 491:
Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493:
Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495:
Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501:
Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 504 and 505:
Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507:
Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521:
Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525:
Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
Page 526 and 527:
Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529:
Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531:
Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533:
Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535:
Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539:
Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545:
Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557:
Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559:
Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563:
Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571:
Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573:
Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575:
Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579:
Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581:
Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583:
Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585:
Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587:
Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
Page 588 and 589:
Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591:
Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 592 and 593:
Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595:
Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597:
Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599:
Tipperary saw the building of the p
Page 600 and 601:
Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
Page 602 and 603:
Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
Page 604 and 605:
Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607:
Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623:
Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627:
Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629:
Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631:
Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635:
Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639:
Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643:
Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653:
Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671:
Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
Page 672 and 673:
Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675:
Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
Page 676 and 677:
Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679:
Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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