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Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co. Sligo Early Medieval Crannog. Grid Reference: M70059999 (170055/299996) SMR No: SL046-029 Excavation Licence: 97E0209 Excavation Duration/Year: 1996; 1997; 1998. Site Director: C. Fredengren (Lough Gara Crannogs Research Programme). Sroove crannog, Co. Sligo was a small, multi-phase crannog, situated on the western shore of Lough Gara, Co. Sligo. The crannog was originally located in very shallow water (presently exposed as a water meadow due to modern drainage), on top of an earlier stone causeway. There was also a Bronze Age crannog cairn out in the water, with a similar, probably early medieval crannog, situated directly to the north on the shoreline. The early medieval crannog at Sroove was 15m in diameter, by 1.2m in height. Prior to excavation, it appeared as a cairn of loosely-set angular stones, with some kerbstones and a circle of stones beside it. In Phase 1 there was stone-built causeway leading out into the lake, 18m in length. The causeway was built over blue lake clays, and a sandy surface produced by trampling lay on its upper surface. There were a few fragments of animal bone (cattle, pig and sheep) from its surface. Its date is unknown. Phase 2 was an early medieval wooden crannog with a stone causeway, palisade and house. The phase’s brushwood floor produced a radiocarbon date of A.D. 770-970. The site was enclosed within a circular palisade, measuring 17m in diameter, of double and single rows of ash-wood posts driven to a depth of 0.40m into the clay. There was a possible rectangular jetty at the north side of the crannog. After the construction of the palisade, an oval to rectangular house with rounded corners was built on the crannog’s surface. This house measured 6.5m by 8m internally, and was defined by closely-spaced posts and was protected by stones on the lake side. The house’s floor was a thick (0.20m) layer of hazel brushwood, intermixed with clay. The floor produced evidence for blackberries, raspberries and elder berries (suggesting a summer occupation) and grain (four types), although there was relatively little evidence for animal bone. There were 1511 pieces of bone (8.82% of site total), representing at least four cattle (two adults, two juveniles), four sheep/goat, three pig, one young horse, and one deer. There was a possible entrance (1m wide) at the southwest wall of the house, effectively hidden from view from the probable crannog entrance (at the causeway). A possible hearth was represented by a fire-reddened stone at the centre of the house. Outside the house, the space between it and the palisade was narrow. Finds from Phase 2 included a bone pin (found in stone packing at the house wall), a thumb-scraper of flint (a probable late Neolithic/early Bronze Age type) near a post and a black chert arrowhead found in floor clays. These objects were probably carried onto the site. Phase 3 was a stony-surfaced crannog, with radiocarbon dates from A.D. 600-900. The crannog surface was rebuilt with a floor of flagstones and smaller boulders, in two/three layers, with an outer deck of timbers laid around the edges of the site. Although there was no clear structural evidence for a house, palaeoecological and other studies suggest that there was a house on this floor. The hearth was re-used, suggesting a strong symbolic link with the previous phase’s house. The palisade may have been pulled up towards the end of this phase. There were also large amounts of animal bone found, particularly in front of the door of the house and to the left towards the lake. This comprised a major proportion of the site’s bone assemblage (56%), representing the remains of at least sixteen cattle, twelve pig, eight sheep, six horse, one deer, one wild duck, and one hare. Finds from inside the house in this phase are more representative of personal possessions, including a lignite bracelet, a comb fragment from near the fireplace, bone beads, as well as iron nails and a bone pin towards the back of the house. There was also a small bone needle and knife found at the back of the house. There were also finds from outside the house, including iron nails, the head of a ringed pin and bronze studs from a leather strap. 566
Sligo Phase 4 was an open stony platform devoted to iron working, with radiocarbon dates between A.D. 600 and A.D. 900. The site had a uniform floor of stone and bone, and was covered with small, shattered and fire-cracked stones (0.10m thick). The stones were mixed with animal bones, suggesting that this was a deliberate floor deposit. There was no house on the platform, which was probably open to the air. There was no palisade, suggesting a decreasing role of the island’s boundary. There was a bowl-shaped depression in the southwest corner of the crannog, possibly in origins a furnace for iron-working, set in a floor of fire-cracked stones. There was some iron slag in this area, although there were not large amounts. A heavy stone may have been used as an anvil. There were deposits of animal bone all over the site (comprising 30% of the site assemblage), with large amounts comprising a floor at the eastern edge of the crannog. The bone was frequently fragmented, suggesting that it had been walked into the crannog’s surface. The Phase 4 burned and unburnt bone included at least 20 cattle, nine pig, seven sheep, four horse, one deer and one dog. Finds from across the site included an antler ring, smooth white stones (possibly used in crafts), a tracked stone (for sharpening pins) and a lignite bracelet in the sand. Phase 5 was the final phase of occupation in the early Middle Ages, probably no later than A.D. 1000. A stone cairn was constructed across the site, with angular stones and boulders laid on it, with a mid-cairn on the lakeward site. It is possible that it had a superstructure of planks or that it was unfinished. Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer, MGL Baillie, E Bard, A Bayliss, JW Beck, C Bertrand, PG Blackwell, CE Buck, G Burr, KB Cutler, PE Damon, RL Edwards, RG Fairbanks, M Friedrich, TP Guilderson, KA Hughen, B Kromer, FG McCormac, S Manning, C Bronk Ramsey, RW Reimer, S Remmele, JR Southon, M Stuiver, S Talamo, FW Taylor, J van der Plicht, and CE Weyhenmeyer (2004), Radiocarbon 46:1029-1058). Sample No. Context 14 C Date Cal. 2 Σ N/A N/A N/A A.D. 770-970. N/A N/A N/A A.D. 600-900. N/A N/A N/A A.D. 600-900. References: Fredengren, C. 1998. Lough Gara through time. Archaeology Ireland, 12(1), 31–3. Fredengren, C. 2001. Poor people’s crannogs. Archaeology Ireland, 15(4), 24–5. Fredengren, C. 2002. Crannogs: A study of people’s interaction with lakes, with particular reference to Lough Gara in the north-west of Ireland, 223–46. Bray. Wordwell. 567
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
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Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
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Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
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Louth The north-eastern area within
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Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
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Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
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Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
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Louth Archaeological monitoring of
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
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Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath possibly a foundation deposit
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
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Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath bone and finds were few. The
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Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
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Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
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Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
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Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
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Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
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Meath spreads of animal bone were u
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath disturbed burial appeared to
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Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
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Meath suggests a network of trade a
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543: Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545: Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 548 and 549: Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
Page 550 and 551: Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
Page 552 and 553: Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555: Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557: Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559: Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561: Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563: Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565: Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567: Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569: Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571: Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573: Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575: Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577: Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579: Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581: Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583: Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585: Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587: Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
Page 588 and 589: Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591: Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 594 and 595: Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597: Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599: Tipperary saw the building of the p
Page 600 and 601: Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
Page 602 and 603: Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
Page 604 and 605: Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607: Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609: Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611: Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613: Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615: Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617: Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619: Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621: Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623: Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625: Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627: Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629: Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631: Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633: Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635: Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637: Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639: Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641: Waterford Though the archaeological
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Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
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Waterford By the early thirteenth c
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Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
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Waterford Fragmentary structural re
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Waterford Large amounts of antler a
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Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
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Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
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Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
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Waterford A stone metalled entrance
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Waterford It has been suggested tha
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Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
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Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
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Westmeath rectangular house, as the
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Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
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Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
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Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
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Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
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Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
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Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
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Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
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UCD School of Archaeology
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