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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe td.), Co. Galway Early Medieval Settlement Enclosure. Grid Reference: M61692259 (161692/222590) SMR No: GA097-150001 Excavation Licence: N/A Excavation Duration/Year: September – October 1938. Site Director: J. Raftery (Office of Public Works). The site consists of a banked enclosure approximately 28.5m in diameter, set on a gently sloping hill. No ditch was evident prior to excavation. The excavation was carried out under an Irish Government Scheme for the Relief of Unemployment. Excavation revealed the presence of a surrounding rock-cut ditch, 2.5m in width and 1.5m deep (Fig. 141). The ditch appears to have originally been allowed to silt-up naturally, although there are occasional layers which may represent bank tumble or deliberate in-filling. The entrance to the enclosure was cobbled and flanked by two large stones and there was evidence for the existence of substantial timber posts. The bank was formed by the construction of a dry-stone walled internal revetment, which supported the earthen bank (although evidence from one area suggests that the outer face of the bank was also stonerevetted). This wall overlay an earlier organic-rich layer, which, in turn, was overlain by a yellow clay horizon occupation layer that included charcoal and animal bones. The shallowness of the soil in the interior meant that few stratigraphical and structural features remained. However, a number of occupation horizons were identified. An early Iron Age occupation was inferred from the presence of an iron fibula, half a bronze ring, some pieces of iron and iron slag, and a couple of flint tools. The second phase of occupation was identified with the yellow clay horizon. A possible posthole-built structure belonged to this phase. A fragment of a crucible, two glass ring-bead fragments, a penannular bronze ring, an iron bell, and an iron knife-blade were found in association with this occupation layer. The third phase of occupation was identified with the construction of the banked and ditched enclosure. It is possible that the two hearths were associated with this phase, but this could not be corroborated from the archaeological evidence. The final phase of occupation appears to have followed on from either abandonment of the earlier site, or a collapse of the bank, since at this time the enclosure bank was remodeled. Two burials located in the interior of the enclosure – both oriented east-west, and neither buried with grave goods – were dated by the excavator to this final phase of occupation. It is possible that a cremation that was enclosed in a cist, described by the antiquarian T. H. Knox, belonged to this final phase. The absolute chronology of the site is more difficult to ascertain. The excavator notes the fact that cremations had been replaced by inhumations by c. A.D. 500, and that the iron fibula found in the earliest phase of occupation has similarities to examples from the first century B.C. 262
Galway Fig. 141: Plan of early medieval occupation phases at Turoe, Co. Galway (after Raftery 1944, facing 52). Reference: Raftery, J. 1944. The Turoe Stone and the Rath of Feerwore. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 74, 23–52. 263
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Page 41 and 42:
Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
Page 238 and 239: Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
Page 240 and 241: Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
Page 242 and 243: Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
Page 244 and 245: Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
Page 246 and 247: Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
Page 248 and 249: Dublin Excavations occurred directl
Page 250 and 251: Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
Page 252 and 253: Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
Page 254 and 255: Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
Page 256 and 257: Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
Page 258 and 259: Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
Page 260 and 261: Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 262 and 263: Dublin were suggestive of a number
Page 264 and 265: Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
Page 266 and 267: Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
Page 268 and 269: Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
Page 270 and 271: Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
Page 272 and 273: Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
Page 274 and 275: Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
Page 276 and 277: Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
Page 278 and 279: Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
Page 280 and 281: Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
Page 282 and 283: Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
Page 284 and 285: Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 286 and 287: Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
Page 290 and 291: Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
Page 292 and 293: Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
Page 294 and 295: Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
Page 296 and 297: Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
Page 298 and 299: Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 300 and 301: Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
Page 302 and 303: Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
Page 304 and 305: Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
Page 306 and 307: Kerry unique mix of architectural c
Page 308 and 309: Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
Page 310 and 311: Kerry House 9 was located at the so
Page 312 and 313: Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
Page 314 and 315: Kerry to retain insulating sod for
Page 316 and 317: Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
Page 318 and 319: Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
Page 320 and 321: Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
Page 322 and 323: Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
Page 324 and 325: Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
Page 326 and 327: Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
Page 328 and 329: Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
Page 330 and 331: Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
Page 332 and 333: Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
Page 334 and 335: Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
Page 336 and 337: Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
Page 422 and 423:
Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427:
Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429:
Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431:
Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
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Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
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Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
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Louth Archaeological monitoring of
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459:
Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463:
Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475:
Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath possibly a foundation deposit
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495:
Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501:
Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath bone and finds were few. The
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Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
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Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
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Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
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Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529:
Meath spreads of animal bone were u
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Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath disturbed burial appeared to
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Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
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Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
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Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
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Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
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Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
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Monaghan have been used for storage
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Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
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Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
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Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
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Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
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Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
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Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
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Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
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Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
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Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
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Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
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Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
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Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
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Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
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Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
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Tipperary saw the building of the p
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Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
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Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
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Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
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Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
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Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
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Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
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Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
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Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
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Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
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Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
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Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
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Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
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Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
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Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
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Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675:
Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
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Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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