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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co. Meath Early Medieval Settlement Enclosure and Cemetery Grid references: O15907300 (31490/27300); O15607320 (31560/27320); O14907340 (31490/27340); O15707325 (31570/27325); O15647331 (31564/27331) SMR No: ME021-010; ME021-019 Excavation Licence No: 98E0072; 01E1170; 02E1709; 04E0533; 04E1649; 05E0005 Excavation duration/year: Multiple excavations between 1977 and 2004 Site directors: E.P. Kelly (National Museum), R. Meenan, J. Eogan, E. Halpin, E. Kieran, J. Lehane (ADS Ltd.), L. Clarke, D. Murphy (ACS Ltd.) Excavations occurred initially in Betaghstown in the late 1970s and an intensification of development from the late 1990s produced further archaeological investigations that revealed a range of features dating from prehistory until the post medieval period. Early medieval activity is preset in the form of settlement and burial evidence. Many of the excavations occurred on part of – and adjacent to – a low ridge overlooking the sea just south of the village of Betaghstown. Initial excavations at Betaghstown revealed a small cemetery and a Bronze Age cist burial to its west (ME021-010). The former consisted of 16 graves which potentially date to the late prehistoric and early medieval periods. The majority were extended inhumations in unlined graves and two were stone-lined. An iron object, perhaps a strap end, was found in one of the graves containing the skeleton of a child. Two of the burials were in crouched positions and two later extended burials were in slab-lined graves, one of which cut into one of the crouched inhumations One of the former was accompanied by two penannular brooches, dating to the late Iron Age, and an iron belt buckle. A stone axe pendant was suspended from the neck and a bronze plate, perforated at each end, seems to have served as a hair ornament. Remains of two types of textile and of a hair net were present in the grave. Excavation – in advance of a residential and commercial development – approximately 20 years after Kelly’s investigations revealed three main phases of archaeological activity to the south of the above cemetery. These consisted of a Neolithic timber circle, an early Bronze Age flat cemetery and a larger cemetery that extended along the top of the ridge. The latter consisted of 55 extended west-east inhumations. The majority were buried in simple stonelined pits although three burials were interred in lintel graves and six were found in slab-lined graves. The cemetery cut the earlier Neolithic timber circle and likely dates to the late prehistoric and early medieval periods. An archaeological assessment in advance of a proposed residential development site at Narrow Ways in Betaghstown revealed the partial remains of two disarticulated skeletons potentially dating between the late prehistoric and early medieval periods. Further testing and excavation in the areas in proximity to the above sites revealed a burnt mound trough with associated midden and roasting pits, linear ditches, an unstratified skeleton, possible cremation pits and a series of curvilinear ditches that enclosed a souterrain. The souterrain was situated in the northern area of the enclosure and was constructed of water-rolled stones. Several habitation layers were recorded. A decorated bone comb was found in association with a stone floor at the western terminus where the entrance was potentially located. The most recent excavations at Betaghstown uncovered a curving ditch, which probably formed a complete enclosure, near the above cemetery (ME021-010). It was filled with shell, animal bone and pieces of waste flint. This ditch enclosed three large oval-shaped pits that were probably the remains of refuse pits. Charred plant remains – identified as hulled barley and oats – and charred wood – identified as apple, cherry/plum, willow, ash and hazel – were recovered from the pits. One of the pits was dated to A.D. 430-620. Four roughly circular pits were identified to the north of the ditch. A scatter of small charcoal and oxidised clay spreads 456
Meath were also identified across the site. Charcoal recovered from one of the spreads returned a radiocarbon date of A.D. 550-660. Animal bone – identified as cattle, sheep, pig, horse, dog, deer and cat – was recovered from the features in this area of the site and the assemblage is typical of occupation debris from a nearby settlement. The molluscan remains also represent food debris and were predominantly cockles and mussels. (No plans were available for this site). References: Eogan, J. 1998:502. Bettystown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Clarke, L. 2001:945. Narrow Ways, Bettystown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Halpin, E. 2002:1430. Betaghstown, Bettystown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Kelly, E. P. 1977/79:0056. Betaghstown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Kelly, E. P. 1977/79:0057. Betaghstown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Kieran, E. 2004:1186. Betaghstown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Lehane, J. 2004:1187. Bettystown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Meenan, R. 1998. Bettystown (Betaghstown townland), Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Murphy, D. 2004:1186. Betaghstown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. Murphy, D. 2005:1158. Betaghstown, Co. Meath. www.excavations.ie. O’Brien, E. 1992. Pagan and Christian burial in Ireland during the first millennium AD: Continuity and change, in N Edwards & A Lane (eds.) The Early Church in Wales and the West: Recent Work in Early Christian Archaeology, History and Place-Names, 130–7. Oxbow Monograph 16. Oxford. Oxbow. 457
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
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Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
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Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
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Louth The north-eastern area within
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Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
Page 432 and 433: Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
Page 434 and 435: Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
Page 436 and 437: Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 438 and 439: Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
Page 440 and 441: Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
Page 442 and 443: Louth Archaeological investigations
Page 444 and 445: Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447: Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
Page 448 and 449: Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
Page 450 and 451: Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 452 and 453: Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
Page 454 and 455: Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
Page 456 and 457: Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459: Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461: Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463: Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465: Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467: Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469: Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471: Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
Page 472 and 473: Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
Page 474 and 475: Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
Page 476 and 477: Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 478 and 479: Meath possibly a foundation deposit
Page 480 and 481: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 484 and 485: Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487: Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 488 and 489: Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
Page 490 and 491: Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493: Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495: Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 498 and 499: Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501: Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
Page 502 and 503: Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 504 and 505: Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507: Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 510 and 511: Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 514 and 515: Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 518 and 519: Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521: Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
Page 522 and 523: Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525: Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
Page 526 and 527: Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529: Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531: Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath disturbed burial appeared to
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Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
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Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
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Meath suggests a network of trade a
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Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
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Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
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Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
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Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
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Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
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Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
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Monaghan have been used for storage
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Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
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Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
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Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
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Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
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Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
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Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
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Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
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Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
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Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
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Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
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Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
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Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
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Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
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Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
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Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
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Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
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Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
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Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
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Tipperary saw the building of the p
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Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
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Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
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Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
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Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
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Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
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Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
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Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
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Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
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Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
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Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
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Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
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Waterford There is very little tent
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Waterford eastern half of the earli
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Waterford Though the archaeological
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Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
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Waterford By the early thirteenth c
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Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
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Waterford Large amounts of antler a
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Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
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Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
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Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
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Waterford A stone metalled entrance
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Waterford It has been suggested tha
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Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
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Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
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Westmeath rectangular house, as the
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Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
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Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
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Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
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Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
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Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
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Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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