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Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Early Medieval Ecclesiastical Enclosure. Grid Ref: N011308 (20110/23080) SMR No: OF005-004; OF005-058. Excavation Licence: E0558; 99E0715 Excavation Duration/Year: July – August 1979; 1990 – 1998; 1997 – 1998; 1999- 2000. Site Director: R. Ó Floinn (National Museum of Ireland); H. King (National Monuments and Historic Properties Service, Dúchas); A. O’Sullivan (Management for Archaeology Underwater Ltd.) & D. Boland (Management for Archaeology Underwater Ltd.); D. Murphy (Archaeological Consultanct Services Ltd.) The monastery is situated on the east side of the Shannon at a crossing point of the major east-west route-way, the Slighe Mhor. The site is linked with St. Ciaran, who may have founded the earliest church there c. A.D. 545. By the ninth century, the site had fallen within the control of the Clann Cholmain dynasty of the Southern Uí Neill. This period saw a concentrated phase of patronage at the site including the construction of the cathedral and the erection of the ‘Cross of Scriptures’ in the early-tenth century. The ruins of the ecclesiastical settlement include the cathedral, seven churches, two round towers, three high crosses, a holy well and the largest collection of early medieval cross-slabs in Ireland. The discovery of Hiberno-Scandinavian coins within the monastic enclosure instigated a rescue excavation under Raghnall Ó Floinn in 1979. The hoard consisted of three pennies (including one silver penny) of Hiberno-Scandinavian date, a bronze ingot and a fragment of a gold earring deposited c. AD. 1065-1095. A stone-lined drain and a hearth were also excavated, and these revealed a jet bracelet fragment and a bone pin, as well as several industrial remains (crucible fragments, a fragment of tuyère, fragments of a clay mould, industrial slag (4kg), and a furnace bottom). Rescue excavations were conducted in the garden of the round tower in 1989 in advance of the construction of a visitor centre. Four phases of activity belonging to the early medieval period were discovered. The earliest phase was represented by stakeholes, furnace waste and industrial fragments. A habitation surface, with stakeholes and an occupation surface, was situated above this layer. A path was also discovered composed of gravel. Another habitation layer with stakeholes was confined to the eastern half of the area. Preliminary analysis suggests that these stakeholes may represent the remains of circular huts. Part of a two-sided comb and a bone trial piece with interlace and fretwork patterns were found in a dark humic layer; and a large quantity of animal bone was also recovered. Underwater archaeology along the Shannon uncovered the location of the bridge mentioned in the Annals of Clonmacnoise in A.D. 1158. Seven pairs of posts were found along the northern bank, and longitudinal timbers, which may represent the side supports of the bridge, were also discovered. These timbers were dendrochronologically dated to A.D. 804. Further excavation of the bridge in 1997 revealed that the bridge originally measured 120m long and 5m wide, and was likely to be about 10-13m in height. The bridge was built of 25 pairs of vertical oak posts. It appears to have been a single-phase structure (no evidence for repairs was discovered) and would not have lasted much longer than 40-50 years. The ‘new graveyard’ at Clonmacnoise had been opened in the mid-twentieth century, without prior archaeological investigation. An ogham stone was discovered during grave-digging in 1990, which persuaded the Office of Public Works to authorise a limited excavation. Excavation carried on in this area for the next eight years and revealed much about the domestic and industrial aspects to the monastery. At least five separate domestic structures were discovered during the course of these excavations. The earliest evidence of occupation on the site is a series of postholes in the natural sandy soil of the esker ridge, and these have been interpreted as the remains of a 540
Offaly wicker-walled house were the earliest features on the site. Above this, approximately onethird of a round house was discovered in the form of a wall, a hearth and a clay floor. Most of the structures on the site appear to be contemporary with, and adjacent to, a metalled roadway which ran from the Eiscir Riada (the gravel ridge located behind the monastery), to the monastic enclosure. Radiocarbon dates from the post-road phase gave a twelfth/thirteenth century date (see below), with other radiocarbon dates suggest that the settlement developed in the seventh century and carried on for subsequent centuries (see below). A round house (6m in diameter) was discovered beneath a rectangular building. This structure (10.5m x 3.5m) had two identifiable phases of occupation, and had a probable internal division, creating a two-celled building. A later roundhouse (7m diameter) appears to have been contemporary with a rectangular or ‘D’-shaped platform (6m x 3m (destroyed)), and both are associated with the road-way. Both of these buildings had contemporary enclosed yards with evidence for a wooden gate and a hearth. Excavations in 1991 and 1992 uncovered a rectangular ‘sod house’ and an external occupation area containing a central stone-lined hearth (a possible second structure), as well as many pits, potsholes, drains and trenches. These were dated to between the seventh and twelfth centuries. Large post pits containing traces of timber and a number of shallow pits were also found in 1992. These appear to have been contemporary with a cobbled surface near the River Shannon which was interpreted as a slipway. Over 4,000 artefacts were recovered during the excavation seasons at the new graveyard. These included iron objects (e.g. knives, rings, pins, fishhooks), iron weapons (an axe-head, a sword pommel, and an armour piercing arrow-head) and bronze objects (e.g. wire, loopheaded pin, tweezers, needle, pins, buckle, and off-cuts). High status metals were also recovered (e.g. a fragmentary crucible with a speck of gold, and a silver ingot). Glass and enamel artefacts were also discovered (e.g. blue glass beads, a green glass bead, a yellow glass bead, fragments of a blue glass bracelet, and a blue enamel bracelet fragment). Imported material was present in the form of sherds of E ware, fragments of green porphyry, pieces of jet, and Hiberno-Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon coins. Many of the finds discovered point towards industrial activity on site. Crucibles, tuyères, mould fragments and slag indicate metalworking; spindle whorls indicate textile production; and off-cuts of bone and antler suggest bone-working and comb manufacture. (No Plans for New Graveyard were available at time of publication) Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer, MGL Baillie, E Bard, A Bayliss, JW Beck, C Bertrand, PG Blackwell, CE Buck, G Burr, KB Cutler, PE Damon, RL Edwards, RG Fairbanks, M Friedrich, TP Guilderson, KA Hughen, B Kromer, FG McCormac, S Manning, C Bronk Ramsey, RW Reimer, S Remmele, JR Southon, M Stuiver, S Talamo, FW Taylor, J van der Plicht, and CE Weyhenmeyer (2004), Radiocarbon 46:1029-1058). Sample No. Context 14 C Date Cal. 2 Σ Gr-? After abandonment of road 860±20 BP A.D. 1056-1075; A.D. 1154-1224. Gr-? Pre-house platform 1255±45 BP A.D. 669-876. construction Gr-? Pre-house platform 1330±20 BP A.D. 652-695; construction A.D. 698-707; A.D. 748-765. Gr-? Pre-house platform 1285±25 BP A.D. 669-773. construction 541
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
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Kerry inside and on top of the cist
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
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Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
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Kerry was excavated within the inte
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Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
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Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
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Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
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Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
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Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
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Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
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Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
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Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
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Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
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Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
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Limerick shade from light to dark-b
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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Loug
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Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
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Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
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Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
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Limerick house which utilized the t
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Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
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Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
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Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
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Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
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Limerick about thirty). The last th
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Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
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Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
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Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
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Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
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Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
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Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
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Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
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Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
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Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
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Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
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Louth The north-eastern area within
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Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
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Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
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Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
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Louth Archaeological monitoring of
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Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
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Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
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Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
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Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
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Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
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Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
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Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
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Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
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Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
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Meath possibly a foundation deposit
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Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
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Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
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Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
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Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
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Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
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Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
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Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
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Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
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Meath bone and finds were few. The
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Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
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Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
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Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 516 and 517: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 518 and 519: Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521: Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
Page 522 and 523: Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525: Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
Page 526 and 527: Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529: Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531: Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533: Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535: Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537: Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539: Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541: Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543: Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545: Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547: Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 548 and 549: Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
Page 550 and 551: Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
Page 552 and 553: Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555: Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557: Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559: Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561: Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563: Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565: Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569: Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571: Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573: Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575: Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577: Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579: Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581: Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583: Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585: Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587: Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
Page 588 and 589: Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591: Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 592 and 593: Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595: Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597: Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599: Tipperary saw the building of the p
Page 600 and 601: Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
Page 602 and 603: Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
Page 604 and 605: Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607: Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609: Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611: Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613: Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615: Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
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Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
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Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
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Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
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Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
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Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
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Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
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Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
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Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
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Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
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Waterford There is very little tent
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Waterford eastern half of the earli
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Waterford Though the archaeological
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Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
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Waterford By the early thirteenth c
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Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
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Waterford Fragmentary structural re
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Waterford Large amounts of antler a
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Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
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Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
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Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
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Waterford A stone metalled entrance
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Waterford It has been suggested tha
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Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
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Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
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Westmeath rectangular house, as the
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Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
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Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
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Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
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Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
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Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
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Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
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Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
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Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
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UCD School of Archaeology
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