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Limerick The ‘Spectacles’ (Lough Gur td.), Co. Limerick Early Medieval Unenclosed Settlement Grid Ref: R64654149 (164653/141497) SMR No: LI032-014012 Excavation Licence: N/A Excavation Duration/year: 1936-1940? Site Director: S.P. Ó Ríordáin (University College Cork) The ‘Spectacles’, excavated as part of a University College Cork research dig, is an unenclosed early medieval settlement containing one rectangular and two circular houses as well as an animal shelter and other structures within an arrangement of small and large early medieval field systems (Fig. 188). The site was situated on a shelf of land (91m by 32m) which slopes gradually to the lake of Knockadoon to the west and is bounded on the east by a hill-side rock face. House A was situated in the most northerly of the ancient fields and was approximately circular in plan with an internal diameter of 4.5m. The walls were over 0.9m thick and were faced with large upright stone slabs containing an earthen and stone rubble core. The western entrance was marked by two in-turned stones and was defined by two large postholes which evidently formed part of a wide eave or entrance porch. Twelve internal postholes- mostly close to the walls- as well as a further six- close to the outside of the wallsmay have supported a roof. Two well-defined hearths were also excavated within in the eastern and northern sides of the interior. The House A entrance was paved with large flat stones which continued outside to the west, forming a paved approach edged by upright stones, (1.5m wide). To the west, the paving ended at and butted against the upright stones of the terminal of a field wall which formed one of the boundaries of the field containing House A. Excavation of this pre-existing field wall showed that its wall was originally 0.9m wide with an entrance directly south of the House A door. House B was built against the facing of this pre-existing field wall and partially used this structure as one side of a circular building. A double-line of postholes extended out from the stone-built portion of the wall suggesting that the remainder of the structure was built using wood or turves. A hearth defined by stones and burnt material was found in the southern interior of the house. Structure C was situated to the west of House B and was interpreted as an animal shelter. It was about 4.25m in length and 0.9m in width internally and used the surrounding rock outcrops as part of the walls of this structure. A number of postholes associated with an area of cobbling were excavated between House B and C though none formed any coherent structural pattern. House D was situated in the next ancient field south of that containing Houses B and C. The house was rectangular in plan measuring 4.25m by 3.65m with its walls faced with stones and containing a clay rubble fill. A paved area and a hearth were uncovered in the interior. Several postholes and cobbled areas suggest possible outhouses between House D and the cliff edge. The fields containing the houses were enclosed by parallel fences. Four were built of a double stone facing with a stone rubble core while the fifth and most southerly was an earthen bank. These enclosed fields were very small (average area 1 / 7 of an acre) and may have contained the tillage patches belonging to the houses. Larger enclosed spaces further away from the houses on the upper hill-side were interpreted as field systems for cattle. Finds from these houses and structures included two bronze pins, six iron knives, an iron pin, iron slag, bone comb fragments, bone and stone spindle whorls, a fragment of rotary quern, 360
Limerick eight whetstones; four fragments of jet bracelets; and two glass beads - one light-blue, one dark-blue. Ten pieces of flint and one of chert as well as some sherds of Neolithic pottery were also recovered. A quarter of a ton of animal bone was recovered from the site with cattle accounting for the bulk followed by pig and sheep (goat) and to a lesser extent horse and dog. Fig. 188: Plan of The Spectacles, Co. Limerick (after Ó Ríordáin 1948-50, plate XII). Reference: Ó Ríordáin, S. P. 1948–1950. Lough Gur excavations: Carraig Aille and the ‘Spectacles’. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Section C, 52C, 39–111. 361
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E ARLY M EDIEVAL A RCHAEOLOGY P ROJ
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Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Table of Contents St Michael le Pol
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Table of Contents Knowth Site M, Co
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List of Figures LIST OF FIGURES Fig
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List of Figures Fig. 92: Excavated
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List of Figures Fig. 183: Plan of h
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List of Figures Fig. 270: Significa
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Introduction 1.1 Description of thi
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Introduction Fig. 1: Key to symbols
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Introduction (commonly referred to
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Introduction References: Campbell,
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County Antrim Fig. 2: Significant e
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Antrim Fig. 4: Plan of Antiville, C
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Antrim Ballyaghagan, Co. Antrim Ear
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Antrim Fig. 8: Plan of Phase 2 hous
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Antrim Fig. 9: Plan of Ballymacash,
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Antrim Fig. 12: Plan of interior of
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Antrim Fig. 13: Plan of enclosures
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Antrim Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reimer
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Antrim Fig. 15: Plan of Ballyvollen
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Antrim Ballywee, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Fig. 17: Site plan of excava
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Antrim ‘Craig Hill’ (Craig td.)
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Antrim Fig. 20: Plan of Craigywarre
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Antrim The mound was subsequently r
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Antrim ‘Doonmore’ (Cross td.),
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Antrim Fig. 24: Plan of House III a
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Antrim Fig. 25: Phase I occupation
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Antrim Dunsilly, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim Killealy, Co. Antrim Early M
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Antrim ‘Langford Lodge’ (Gartre
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Antrim Lissue, Co. Antrim Early Med
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Antrim ‘Meadowbank’ (Jordanstow
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Antrim Rathbeg, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Seacash, Co. Antrim Early Me
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Antrim Fig. 37: Plan of interior of
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Armagh Armagh (Armagh City td.), Co
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Armagh Fig. 40: Excavations at Cast
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Armagh Radiocarbon Dates: Abbey Str
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Armagh Dressogagh, Co. Armagh Early
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Armagh Terryhoogan, Co. Armagh Earl
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Clare ‘Beal Boru’ (Ballyvally t
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Clare Fig. 47: Plan of excavated ar
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Clare The Harvard excavators identi
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Clare Cahircalla More, Co. Clare Ea
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Clare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Clare Clonmoney West, Co. Clare Ear
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Clare were associated with glass fr
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Clare wooden bucket, as well as Bro
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Clare Gragan West, Co. Clare Early
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Clare Inishcealtra, Co. Clare Eccle
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Clare Medieval Activity Significant
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Clare Fig. 53: Excavated areas of I
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Clare Fig. 54: Plan showing enclosu
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Clare Fig. 55: Plan of Thady’s Fo
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Cork Ballyarra, Co. Cork Unenclosed
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Cork shape was not able to be infer
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Cork ‘St. Gobnet’s House’ (Gl
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Cork Banduff, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Barrees Valley, Co. Cork Early
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Cork Brigown, Co. Cork Early Mediev
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Cork Carrigaline Middle, Co. Cork E
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Cork Fig. 62: Plan of primary phase
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Cork Fig. 63: Plan of excavations a
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Cork The following is based on gene
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Cork Fig. 66: Excavated areas on th
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Cork apart at one of the lowest lev
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Cork The Scandinavian main street o
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Cork Fig. 68: 11-13 Washington Stre
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Cork Fig. 69: Hanover Street/South
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Cork Twelfth century bone-working i
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Cork Hurley, M. F. 1995. Excavation
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Cork Curraheen, Co. Cork Early Medi
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork barrel-padlock and an anvil; a
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Cork Killanully, Co. Cork Early Med
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Cork Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Cork flint objects, a rotary quern
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Cork number of post pits and stakeh
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Cork bronze button, bronze brooch,
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Cork ‘Lisnagun’ (Darrary td.),
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Cork Fig. 76: Plan of interior of L
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Cork bracelet, a segmented bead of
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Cork Fig. 78: Excavated areas in Mi
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Cork A total of thirteen struck fli
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Cork A small number of un-stratifie
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Cork sequence of fire debris. The p
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Donegal Dooey, Co. Donegal Early Me
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Donegal Fig. 82: Plan of Rinnaraw C
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Donegal Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
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Down Ballyfounder, Co. Down Early M
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Down Ballywillwill, Co. Down Early
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Down ‘Clea Lakes’ (Tullyveery t
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Down Crossnacreevy, Co. Down Early
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Down Drumadonnell, Co. Down Early M
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Down Duneight, Co. Down Early Medie
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Down ‘Dunnyneil Island’ (Dunnyn
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Down Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
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Down Fig. 98: Section of Gransha sh
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Down spreads of gravel and some fir
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Down Fig. 100: Section of Rathmulla
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Down Fig. 103: Excavation at White
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Dublin County Dublin Fig. 105: Sign
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Dublin Ballyman, Co. Dublin Early M
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Dublin Cherrywood (Site 18), Co. Du
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Dublin Fig. 107: Plan of Scandinavi
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Dublin interface of this layer and
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Dublin Scandinavian/Hiberno-Scandin
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Dublin The following is based on ge
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Dublin 1999, 27). Similarly dated s
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Dublin Eleventh Century (Fig. 113)
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Dublin Evidence for two stone walls
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Dublin Fig. 116. Reconstruction of
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Dublin Fig. 118: Plan of Type-2 Hou
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Dublin Excavations occurred directl
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Dublin An amber and jet workshop wa
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Dublin Glebe (Site 43), Co. Dublin
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Dublin ‘Mount Offaly’, Cabintee
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Dublin Fig. 122: Phases at Mount Of
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Dublin a continuation of Ditch C an
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Dublin Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Dublin were suggestive of a number
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Dublin Dubhlinn - a large natural p
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Dublin Scandinavian warrior burial
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Dublin Fig. 128: Plan of excavation
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Dublin Gowen, M. 2001. Excavations
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Fermanagh ‘Boho’ (Carn td.), Co
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Fermanagh Coolcran, Co. Fermanagh E
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Fermanagh ‘Lisdoo’ (Castle Balf
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Fermanagh Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Re
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Galway Ballybrit, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Carrowkeel, Co. Galway Early
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Doonloughan, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway ‘Feerwore Rath’ (Turoe t
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Galway High Island, Co. Galway Earl
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Galway Loughbown (1), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Loughbown (2), Co. Galway Ea
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Galway Mackney, Co. Galway Early Me
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Galway Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
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Galway Fig. 146: Excavated area at
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Kerry County Kerry Fig. 147: Signif
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Kerry Fig. 148: Plan of site showin
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Kerry unique mix of architectural c
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Kerry Bray Head, Valentia Island Ea
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Kerry House 9 was located at the so
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Kerry Fig. 151: Plan of early medie
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Kerry to retain insulating sod for
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Kerry Fig. 152: Plan of Church Isla
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Kerry Clogher, Lixnaw, Co. Kerry Ea
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Kerry Cloghermore, Co. Kerry Cave G
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Kerry Many of the latest burials fr
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Kerry A.D. 912-970 Beta-137046 Huma
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Kerry Fig. 158: Plan of Coarhabeg c
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Kerry Fig. 159: Plan of Phase 1 hou
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Kerry ‘Dunbeg Fort’ (Fahan td.)
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Kerry A stone flagged path linked t
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Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: Sample No.
Page 336 and 337: Kerry inside and on top of the cist
Page 338 and 339: Kerry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 340 and 341: Kerry House C was a rectangular bui
Page 342 and 343: Kerry Loher, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
Page 344 and 345: Kerry Reask, Co. Kerry Early Mediev
Page 346 and 347: Kerry was excavated within the inte
Page 348 and 349: Kerry Fig. 168: Plan of Reask, Co.
Page 350 and 351: Kerry References: Fanning, T. 1973.
Page 352 and 353: Kildare Killickaweeny, Co. Kildare
Page 354 and 355: Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
Page 356 and 357: Kildare Fig. 173: Prehistoric and e
Page 358 and 359: Kildare Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reim
Page 360 and 361: Kilkenny County Kilkenny Fig. 176:
Page 362 and 363: Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 364 and 365: Kilkenny ‘Kilkenny Castle’ (Duk
Page 366 and 367: Kilkenny ‘Leggetsrath’ (Blanchf
Page 368 and 369: Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 370 and 371: Kilkenny Radiocarbon Dates (PJ Reim
Page 372 and 373: Laois Parknahown, Co. Laois Early M
Page 374 and 375: Laois Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 376 and 377: Limerick Ballyduff, Co. Limerick Ea
Page 378 and 379: Limerick Ballynagallagh, Co. Limeri
Page 380 and 381: Limerick Fig. 185: Ditch and palisa
Page 382 and 383: Limerick Fig. 186: Plan of Carraig
Page 384 and 385: Limerick shade from light to dark-b
Page 388 and 389: Limerick Coonagh West, Co. Limerick
Page 390 and 391: Limerick Croom East, Co. Limerick E
Page 392 and 393: Limerick Cush, Co. Limerick Early M
Page 394 and 395: Limerick house which utilized the t
Page 396 and 397: Limerick 4, Cush 6 and Cush 7 with
Page 398 and 399: Limerick The sites at Ballingoola (
Page 400 and 401: Limerick Knockea, Co. Limerick Earl
Page 402 and 403: Limerick Fig. 193: Plan of Phase 1
Page 404 and 405: Limerick about thirty). The last th
Page 406 and 407: Limerick Raheennamadra, Co. Limeric
Page 408 and 409: Limerick Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Rei
Page 410 and 411: Limerick Fig. 196: Plan of Sluggary
Page 412 and 413: Londonderry Big Glebe, Co. Londonde
Page 414 and 415: Londonderry Corrstown, Co. Londonde
Page 416 and 417: Londonderry Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ
Page 418 and 419: Londonderry Oughtymore, Co. Londond
Page 420 and 421: Longford County Longford Fig. 202:
Page 422 and 423: Longford Fig. 203: Excavated areas
Page 424 and 425: Louth County Louth Fig. 204: Signif
Page 426 and 427: Louth A stone-lined oval kiln, with
Page 428 and 429: Louth The north-eastern area within
Page 430 and 431: Louth O’Hara, R. 2009. Early medi
Page 432 and 433: Louth Delaney, S. 2010. An early me
Page 434 and 435: Louth made from bronze, iron and bo
Page 436 and 437:
Louth Archaeological monitoring of
Page 438 and 439:
Louth ‘Lissachiggel’, Doolargy,
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Louth Fig. 209: Detailed plan of ho
Page 442 and 443:
Louth Archaeological investigations
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Louth central, L-shaped island of n
Page 446 and 447:
Louth Fig. 212: Plan of Marshes Upp
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Louth Millockstown, Co. Louth Early
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Louth Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
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Louth Fig. 214: Photograph of soute
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Mayo County Mayo Fig. 215: Signific
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Mayo Bofeenaun, Co. Mayo Early Medi
Page 458 and 459:
Mayo Carrowkeel, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 460 and 461:
Mayo Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer,
Page 462 and 463:
Mayo Fig. 219: Plan of ecclesiastic
Page 464 and 465:
Mayo Letterkeen, Co. Mayo Early Med
Page 466 and 467:
Mayo Fig. 222: Features near entran
Page 468 and 469:
Mayo Fig. 223: Plan of excavated ar
Page 470 and 471:
Mayo Moyne, Co. Mayo Early Medieval
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Meath County Meath Fig. 226: Signif
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Meath Fig. 227: Plan of excavations
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Meath Fig. 228: Plan of Augherskea,
Page 478 and 479:
Meath possibly a foundation deposit
Page 480 and 481:
Meath Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reimer
Page 482 and 483:
Meath Betaghstown (Bettystown), Co.
Page 484 and 485:
Meath Boolies Little, Co. Meath Ear
Page 486 and 487:
Meath Castlefarm, Co. Meath Early M
Page 488 and 489:
Meath Fig. 231: Enclosures at Castl
Page 490 and 491:
Meath Cloncowan, Co. Meath Early Me
Page 492 and 493:
Meath Collierstown 1, Co. Meath Ear
Page 494 and 495:
Meath enclosure. This ditch contain
Page 496 and 497:
Page 498 and 499:
Meath Fig. 234: Excavations at Colp
Page 500 and 501:
Meath Fig. 235: Enclosures at Colp
Page 502 and 503:
Meath Cormeen, Co. Meath Early Medi
Page 504 and 505:
Meath bone and finds were few. The
Page 506 and 507:
Meath Fig. 237: Phases of enclosure
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Meath Johnstown 1, Co. Meath Early
Page 512 and 513:
Page 514 and 515:
Meath Knowth Site M, Co. Meath Earl
Page 516 and 517:
Page 518 and 519:
Meath belt buckles, bone combs and
Page 520 and 521:
Meath Lagore (Lagore Big td.), Co.
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Meath similar huge amounts being re
Page 524 and 525:
Meath ‘Madden’s Hill’, Kiltal
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Meath Moynagh Lough, Co. Meath Earl
Page 528 and 529:
Meath spreads of animal bone were u
Page 530 and 531:
Meath Nevinstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 532 and 533:
Meath disturbed burial appeared to
Page 534 and 535:
Meath layer of fire-reddened or bur
Page 536 and 537:
Meath Kelly, E. P. 1981. A short st
Page 538 and 539:
Meath suggests a network of trade a
Page 540 and 541:
Meath Beta-196366 Bone from linear
Page 542 and 543:
Meath Raystown, Co. Meath Early Med
Page 544 and 545:
Meath former cereal-drying kiln. Th
Page 546 and 547:
Page 548 and 549:
Meath Roestown 2, Co. Meath Early M
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Meath Fig. 248: Phases from Roestow
Page 552 and 553:
Meath St. Anne’s Chapel (Randalst
Page 554 and 555:
Meath Simonstown, Co. Meath Early M
Page 556 and 557:
Monaghan County Monaghan Fig. 249:
Page 558 and 559:
Monaghan have been used for storage
Page 560 and 561:
Offaly ‘Ballinderry II’ (Ballyn
Page 562 and 563:
Offaly pins (ninth/tenth century da
Page 564 and 565:
Offaly Ballintemple, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 566 and 567:
Offaly Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly Ear
Page 568 and 569:
Offaly References: Boland, D. & O'S
Page 570 and 571:
Roscommon Cloongownagh, Co. Roscomm
Page 572 and 573:
Roscommon ‘Rathcroghan’, Co. Ro
Page 574 and 575:
Roscommon Tulsk, Co. Roscommon Earl
Page 576 and 577:
Sligo County Sligo Fig. 258: Signif
Page 578 and 579:
Sligo Fig. 259: Post-built structur
Page 580 and 581:
Sligo Inishmurray, Co. Sligo Early
Page 582 and 583:
Sligo Knoxspark, Co. Sligo Early Me
Page 584 and 585:
Sligo References: Mount, C. 1994:20
Page 586 and 587:
Sligo Fig. 262: Outline plan of Mag
Page 588 and 589:
Sligo ‘Rathtinaun’ (Lough Gara
Page 590 and 591:
Sligo discs and 1 rotary quern. The
Page 592 and 593:
Sligo Sroove (Lough Gara td.), Co.
Page 594 and 595:
Tipperary County Tipperary Fig. 264
Page 596 and 597:
Tipperary Fig. 265: Plan of Bowling
Page 598 and 599:
Tipperary saw the building of the p
Page 600 and 601:
Tipperary stones, apparently the bo
Page 602 and 603:
Tipperary Killoran (31), Co. Limeri
Page 604 and 605:
Tipperary Killoran 66, Co. Tipperar
Page 606 and 607:
Tyrone County Tyrone Fig. 270: Sign
Page 608 and 609:
Tyrone Fig. 272: Early medieval Pha
Page 610 and 611:
Tyrone Fig. 273: Excavation plan of
Page 612 and 613:
Tyrone Dunmisk, Co. Tyrone Early Me
Page 614 and 615:
Tyrone Radiocarbon Dates: (PJ Reime
Page 616 and 617:
Tyrone Fig. 276: Excavated area at
Page 618 and 619:
Tyrone Mullaghbane, Co. Tyrone Earl
Page 620 and 621:
Waterford County Waterford Fig. 280
Page 622 and 623:
Waterford Kilgreany, Co. Waterford
Page 624 and 625:
Waterford Fig. 282: Plan of Kilgrea
Page 626 and 627:
Waterford Kill St. Lawrence, Co. Wa
Page 628 and 629:
Waterford ‘Kiltera’ (Dromore td
Page 630 and 631:
Waterford Fig. 283: Plan of Kiltera
Page 632 and 633:
Waterford Little Patrick Street/Bar
Page 634 and 635:
Waterford Ireland and took up at Po
Page 636 and 637:
Waterford There is very little tent
Page 638 and 639:
Waterford eastern half of the earli
Page 640 and 641:
Waterford Though the archaeological
Page 642 and 643:
Waterford Wren 1993 & 1998), the va
Page 644 and 645:
Waterford By the early thirteenth c
Page 646 and 647:
Waterford Fig. 291: Excavated build
Page 648 and 649:
Waterford Fragmentary structural re
Page 650 and 651:
Waterford Large amounts of antler a
Page 652 and 653:
Waterford Hurley, M.F. 1990:108. Ar
Page 654 and 655:
Waterford McCutcheon, S. W. J. & Hu
Page 656 and 657:
Waterford Wallace, P. F. 2005. The
Page 658 and 659:
Waterford A stone metalled entrance
Page 660 and 661:
Waterford It has been suggested tha
Page 662 and 663:
Waterford References: Eogan, J. 200
Page 664 and 665:
Westmeath Ballinderry I, Co. Westme
Page 666 and 667:
Westmeath rectangular house, as the
Page 668 and 669:
Westmeath Clonfad, Co. Westmeath Ea
Page 670 and 671:
Westmeath Kilpatrick, Killucan, (Co
Page 672 and 673:
Westmeath Newtownlow, Co. Westmeath
Page 674 and 675:
Westmeath Rochfort Demesne, Co. Wes
Page 676 and 677:
Westmeath Togherstown, Co. Westmeat
Page 678 and 679:
Westmeath Fig. 300: Plan of enclosu
Page 680 and 681:
Wexford Bride Street, Wexford, Co.
Page 682 and 683:
Wicklow Giltspur, Co. Wicklow Early
Page 685:
UCD School of Archaeology
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