Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

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to the needs of their citizens. The Sri Lankan Embassy alone sheltered 300 domestic workers in 2011. 113 The Government decided in 2007 to build a larger shelter with a budget of 3,000,000 KWD (US$10,700,000). At the time of the researchers’ visit in March 2012, the Government reported that the shelter’s doors would open in 2012 and that it will have a capacity of 700 beds and will provide a more comprehensive set of services including, legal, social, psychological and medical support. 114 However, this new shelter had still not opened in March 2013. 115 4.2.5. Strengthened interregional cooperation Interregional trade union cooperation and training Workers’ organizations have developed interregional agreements between countries of origin and destination to better protect migrant workers. In recent years, trade unions in Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman have taken action to protect migrant workers through interregional trade union cooperation and training activities. In May 2009, the first three bilateral cooperation agreements on the protection of the rights of migrant workers were signed in Colombo, Sri Lanka. 116 The signatories were leaders of the three national trade union centres in Sri Lanka and their counterparts in Bahrain, Jordan and Kuwait. More recently, in January 2012, bilateral agreements were signed between the General Federation of Nepalese Trade Unions and the trade unions of Bahrain and Kuwait. Efforts have also been made to address the complaints of migrant workers in a more forthright and effective manner. For instance, the KTUF opened an office to process migrant workers’ complaints in 1994. Since then, it has been gradually increasing the support it provides to migrant workers in various ways, including following up cases that are pending at the Ministry of Labour and ensuring that workers receive proper compensation. 117 Recently, the President of the KTUF wrote to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour regarding the recent decision made by the Ministry of Interior to arrest 2,000 people accused of violating the residency laws, asking to be told where they were being detained and to be allowed to visit the detained migrant workers 113 ITUC: Annual survey of violations of trade union rights: Kuwait 2012, http:// survey.ituc-csi.org/Kuwait.html?lang=en [accessed 15 June 2012]. 114 B. Shaban: “The new expatriate workers' shelter could accommodate 700 workers”, in Al-Anba, 14 Feb. 2012, http://www.alanba.com.kw/absolutenmnew/templates/ local2010.aspx?articleid=267259&zoneid=14&m=0 [accessed 16 June 2012]. 115 Email correspondence with the ILO Office in Kuwait, 28 Feb. 2013. 116 ILO, MIGRANT: Bilateral trade union agreements on migrant workers’ rights between Sri Lanka and Bahrain, Kuwait and Jordan, 2009, http://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/ migmain.showPractice?p_lang=en&p_practice_id=32 [accessed 24 Aug. 2011]. 117 Interview with an official of the KTUF, Kuwait, 27 Mar. 2012. 147
to “look into the reasons and conditions of their detention and provide them with the best possible humanitarian assistance”. 118 Global trade unions have also let the way to enhance the promotion and protection of the rights of migrant workers. The Building and Wood Workers’ International (BWI), for instanced, lanched a campaign on migrant workers rights following its 2 nd World Congress in 2009. The crux of the campaign is on recruiting and organising migrant workers into trade unions and promoting their rights regardless of their migration status. 119 Its campaign has already recorded a number of achievements, including the recruitment of 5,000 migrant workers based in Asia and the Middle East. Through its actions, it supports efforts of its affiliates in countries to reduce the vulnerability of workers to exploitation, and to provide services to those in need. Partnerships with international institutions Another interesting model of collaboration has involved the National Human Rights Committee (NHRC) in Qatar and the American Solidarity Center. 120 A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in 2009, renewed in 2011, to promote cooperation between the two institutions with the aim of furthering the work of the NHRC to improve the living and working conditions of workers in Qatar. An exchange programme was established by the two organizations with countries of origin (Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Philippines) to raise awareness and build bridges between national human rights institutions, trade unions and NGOs. The American Solidarity Center also carried out training of trainers in partnership with the NHRC, using the Workers’ rights booklet that the NHRC had developed to raise awareness about the rights of migrant workers in Qatar. The objective of this partnership is to deepen collaboration and explore new possible initiatives to be pursued jointly. The NHRC has also signed an MoU with Migrant Forum Asia to work together to advance workers’ rights in the state of Qatar and to prevent trafficking of persons in countries of both origin and destination. 121 Collaboration between countries of origin and destination Many government interviewees spoke of the cyclical nature of migration, involving actors in countries of both origin and destination. With the aim of strengthening interregional cooperation, the UAE launched the Abu Dhabi 118 KTUF, letter to the Ministry of Social Affairs and Labour in Kuwait, No. 210/2012, 25 Sep. 2012. 119 For more information on this global campaign, see BWI Connect: http://connect. bwint.org/ 120 Interview with an official of the American Solidarity Center, Qatar, 18 Oct. 2012. 121 Email correspondence with an official of Migrant Forum Asia, Philippines, 12 Nov. 2012. The MoU was signed between the National Human Rights Committee and Migrant Forum Asia on 16 May 2012 and is to remain in effect for two years. 148
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In collaboration with TRICKED AND T
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Copyright © International Labour O
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officials, worker and employer repr
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3.3.2. Recruitment 101 3.3.3. Work
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MoJ MoL MWPS MoSAL NCCHT NCT NGO NH
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Dimension
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The realization of this research pr
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In an effort to fill gaps in unders
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There have also been cases of anima
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CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE ISSUE 1.1. D
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People trafficked for any of the ex
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1.2. GLOBAL DEBATES ON HUMAN TRAFFI
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processes by which migrant workers
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Concerted efforts have been made to
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documented abuses against domestic
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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARC
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Table 2.1. Dimensions of forced lab
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Table 2.4. Indicators of impossibil
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2.2. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED In
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Having said that, the Middle East i
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individuals who voluntarily agree t
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3.1.2. Recruitment of domestic work
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domestic worker explained, “many
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An official from the NGO KAFA went
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Another Filipina explained the supp
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In Jordan, an official from Tamkeen
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workers supported by the NGO report
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on the balcony. When it got cold, I
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3.1.4. Impossibility of leaving Wor
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Legally, the domestic worker has li
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embassy three times to make an emer
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given that it is not easy for a mig
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Analysis of the information provide
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country, or whose relatives are dec
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3.2.2. Recruitment Recruitment of d
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to provide sexual services. Most of
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The research team was unable to int
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Box 3.9. A press report of traffick
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explained that in 2010 there were b
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There are conflicting views over th
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one nightclub owner in Amman. 144 T
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2011, three minors and three adult
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Many reports confirm the interlinka
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Some claim that the situation of ar
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finish working, especially Tunisian
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Investigations carried out by the I
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Detention of women accused of prost
Page 97 and 98: Lack of any economic and social alt
Page 99 and 100: 3.3. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.3.
Page 101 and 102: Table 3.3. Overview of four process
Page 103 and 104: Indeed, many of those interviewed w
Page 105 and 106: workers, often requiring them to ta
Page 107 and 108: not suitable for the position so th
Page 109 and 110: The case of seafarers Stories emerg
Page 111 and 112: personnel from the ports to offshor
Page 113 and 114: of destination often happen through
Page 115 and 116: and we will find him a new job”.
Page 117 and 118: Degrading living and working condit
Page 119 and 120: Ministerial Decree 1186 (2010) was
Page 121 and 122: Retention of personal documents Lac
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER 4: REGIONAL RESPONSES TO HU
Page 126 and 127: In Lebanon, the Government ratified
Page 128 and 129: trafficking efforts in the seven em
Page 130 and 131: stipulating that employers must giv
Page 132 and 133: In Kuwait, in the absence of a spec
Page 134 and 135: 4.1.5. Prosecution of human traffic
Page 136 and 137: Box 4.1. Ending the use of child ca
Page 138 and 139: 4.2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONA
Page 140 and 141: order management officers at the ai
Page 142 and 143: government action has, however, bee
Page 144 and 145: Box 4.3. Ending forced labour in th
Page 146 and 147: among migrant workers and no protoc
Page 150 and 151: Dialogue in 2008 to promote a colla
Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 5: A WAY FORWARD Comprehens
Page 154 and 155: to legally terminate a contract aft
Page 156 and 157: 5.3.2. Taking measures to reduce vu
Page 158 and 159: attention also needs to be given to
Page 160 and 161: with new skills, which will make it
Page 162 and 163: ANNEX: LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO KE
Page 164 and 165: BIBLIOGRAPHY National legislation B
Page 166 and 167: Lebanon Labour Code, 1946. Law on E
Page 168 and 169: International Convention on the Pro
Page 170 and 171: The Economist. 2010. “Little bett
Page 172 and 173: —. 2006. Multilateral Framework o
Page 174 and 175: —. 2011b. Qatar’s ambitions for
Page 176 and 177: —. 2010. The international legal
Page 178 and 179: Transient Workers Count Two. 2012.
Page 180: This regional study sheds light on
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