Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

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By contrast, there are those who insist that the women working in the nightclubs are deceived. After visiting Lebanon, the UN Special Rapporteur on Trafficking expressed concern about the considerable number of trafficked women who are misled about the type of work they will be asked to do or the exact conditions of their involvement in the sex industry. “Many have been made to believe, for instance, that they would be expected to perform striptease dances but not that they would be expected to have sexual relations with customers. The visa system designating the women as artists facilitates the deception.” 149 Immigration officials also acknowledged that they had dealt with several cases of deception. “In 2011, we had three women who came to Lebanon thinking they would be secretaries but ended up as dancers,” recalled one official of the GDGS. “They came to us and we facilitated their return home with the help of the International Organization for Migration.” 150 Recruitment of women deceived by fathers and husbands The fourth process of trafficking in this area involves the deceptive recruitment of girls and women into commercial sex work by relatives, particularly fathers or husbands. Fathers can be involved either directly, as perpetrators, voluntarily trading their daughters in exchange for financial benefits, or indirectly, being themselves deceived into letting their daughters travel abroad on the false promise of other work. A study by Heartland Alliance in Iraq found that “a majority of Iraqi victims of trafficking identified while researching this report were initially forced into labour or prostitution by family members and subsequently fell under the control of third party criminals”. 151 The research team was unable to interview women who had been caught in this trafficking process but did obtain detailed information on recorded cases from several service providers in the region and key informants. The Dubai Foundation for Women and Children received three victims of trafficking who had been forced into sexual exploitation by their parents. 152 Other cases were recorded in Lebanon (see box 3.11). In Lebanon, the ISF dealt with several cases involving parents. During a nightclub inspection visit in 149 J. Ngozi Ezeilo, The UN Special Rapporteur in Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children concludes her country visit to the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, 17 Apr. 2012, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. aspx?NewsID=12062&LangID=E 9 [accessed 5 Mar. 2013], p. 15. 150 Interview with an official of the GDGS responsible for the artist department, Lebanon, 24 Jan. 2012. 151 Heartland Alliance: Human trafficking in Iraq: Patterns and practices in forced labour and sexual exploitation (Chicago, May 2007), p. 5. It is important to note that several Iraqi women who were in the process of being transported to Syria, Iran or the UAE were victims of kidnapping. Interview with an official from Heartland Alliance, 18 Sep. 2012. 152 Dubai Foundation for Women and Children: DFWAC 2011 Report on Victims of Human Trafficking, p. 15. 83
2011, three minors and three adult women working as dancers were arrested. The girls confessed that they had been forced to work to provide for their families, and that their unemployed fathers took their income directly from the management of the nightclub. 153 Box 3.11. A case involving a father and daughter “One case involved a 13-year-old Lebanese girl who was forced by her father to prostitute herself. She became pregnant and even while she was pregnant her father would take her out on the streets. Officers from the nearby police station saw what was happening and intervened. The father got a severe punishment because he was working independently. He was not part of a prostitution network that could protect him.” Interview with a journalist, Beirut, Lebanon, 5 May 2012. Press articles have highlighted how traffickers can deceive fathers about the nature of the work their daughters will do abroad. One case involved a 16-year-old girl from Baghdad who had lost her mother in 2003 in the war and whose father agreed to send her to Dubai as a domestic worker in exchange for US$6,000. Once in Dubai, she was imprisoned with 20 other young girls, all of whom were forced to engage in prostitution. 154 Another article reported a case brought in the Criminal Court in Dubai, which involved two perpetrators who recruited a 16-year-old victim and promised her and her father that she would have the chance of a job as a domestic worker before forcing her into prostitution. 155 In many countries, when families are struggling to make ends meet fathers will often agree to let their daughters work abroad to escape poverty at home. The study by Heartland Alliance also emphasized the role played by armed conflict in increasing vulnerability: “During times of conflict, women and girls are at greater risk of gender specific harms, including sex trafficking.” 156 153 According to the ISF, this case was referred to the Appellate Prosecutor’s Office in Mount Lebanon on 30 Oct. 2011. Two of the parents were arrested and a search warrant was issued against the other perpetrators. The nightclub where the girls and women worked was also subsequently closed down. 154 IRIN: “Iraq–Syria: Sex traffickers target women in war-torn Iraq” (Dubai), 26 Oct. 2006, http://www.irinnews.org/Report/61903/IRAQ-SYRIA-Sex-traffickers-targetwomen-in-war-torn-Iraq [accessed 22 Aug. 2012]. 155 M. Zaher: "Housewife and vendor accused of forcing a girl into prostitution", in Albayan, 11 May 2012, http://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/accidents/2012-05-11-1.1647868 [accessed 18 May 2012]. 156 Heartland Alliance: Human trafficking in Iraq: Patterns and practices in forced labour and sexual exploitation, p.6 84
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In collaboration with TRICKED AND T
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Copyright © International Labour O
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officials, worker and employer repr
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3.3.2. Recruitment 101 3.3.3. Work
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MoJ MoL MWPS MoSAL NCCHT NCT NGO NH
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Dimension
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The realization of this research pr
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In an effort to fill gaps in unders
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There have also been cases of anima
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CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE ISSUE 1.1. D
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People trafficked for any of the ex
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1.2. GLOBAL DEBATES ON HUMAN TRAFFI
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processes by which migrant workers
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Concerted efforts have been made to
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documented abuses against domestic
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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARC
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.1. Dimensions of forced lab
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.4. Indicators of impossibil
Page 38 and 39: 2.2. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED In
Page 40: Having said that, the Middle East i
Page 43 and 44: individuals who voluntarily agree t
Page 45 and 46: 3.1.2. Recruitment of domestic work
Page 47 and 48: domestic worker explained, “many
Page 49 and 50: An official from the NGO KAFA went
Page 51 and 52: Another Filipina explained the supp
Page 53 and 54: In Jordan, an official from Tamkeen
Page 55 and 56: workers supported by the NGO report
Page 57 and 58: on the balcony. When it got cold, I
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.4. Impossibility of leaving Wor
Page 61 and 62: Legally, the domestic worker has li
Page 63 and 64: embassy three times to make an emer
Page 65 and 66: given that it is not easy for a mig
Page 67 and 68: Analysis of the information provide
Page 69 and 70: country, or whose relatives are dec
Page 71 and 72: 3.2.2. Recruitment Recruitment of d
Page 73 and 74: to provide sexual services. Most of
Page 75 and 76: The research team was unable to int
Page 77 and 78: Box 3.9. A press report of traffick
Page 79 and 80: explained that in 2010 there were b
Page 81 and 82: There are conflicting views over th
Page 83: one nightclub owner in Amman. 144 T
Page 87 and 88: Many reports confirm the interlinka
Page 89 and 90: Some claim that the situation of ar
Page 91 and 92: finish working, especially Tunisian
Page 93 and 94: Investigations carried out by the I
Page 95 and 96: Detention of women accused of prost
Page 97 and 98: Lack of any economic and social alt
Page 99 and 100: 3.3. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.3.
Page 101 and 102: Table 3.3. Overview of four process
Page 103 and 104: Indeed, many of those interviewed w
Page 105 and 106: workers, often requiring them to ta
Page 107 and 108: not suitable for the position so th
Page 109 and 110: The case of seafarers Stories emerg
Page 111 and 112: personnel from the ports to offshor
Page 113 and 114: of destination often happen through
Page 115 and 116: and we will find him a new job”.
Page 117 and 118: Degrading living and working condit
Page 119 and 120: Ministerial Decree 1186 (2010) was
Page 121 and 122: Retention of personal documents Lac
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER 4: REGIONAL RESPONSES TO HU
Page 126 and 127: In Lebanon, the Government ratified
Page 128 and 129: trafficking efforts in the seven em
Page 130 and 131: stipulating that employers must giv
Page 132 and 133: In Kuwait, in the absence of a spec
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4.1.5. Prosecution of human traffic
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Box 4.1. Ending the use of child ca
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4.2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONA
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order management officers at the ai
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government action has, however, bee
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Box 4.3. Ending forced labour in th
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among migrant workers and no protoc
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to the needs of their citizens. The
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Dialogue in 2008 to promote a colla
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CHAPTER 5: A WAY FORWARD Comprehens
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to legally terminate a contract aft
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5.3.2. Taking measures to reduce vu
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attention also needs to be given to
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with new skills, which will make it
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ANNEX: LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO KE
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BIBLIOGRAPHY National legislation B
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Lebanon Labour Code, 1946. Law on E
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International Convention on the Pro
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The Economist. 2010. “Little bett
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—. 2006. Multilateral Framework o
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—. 2011b. Qatar’s ambitions for
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—. 2010. The international legal
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Transient Workers Count Two. 2012.
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This regional study sheds light on
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