Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

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Table 2.4. Indicators of impossibility of leaving employer Indicators of involuntariness Strong indicators Indicators of penalty Reduced freedom to terminate contract Denunciation to authorities Forced to stay longer than agreed while Confiscation of identity papers or waiting for wages due travel documents Forced to work for indeterminate period Imposition of worse working in order to repay outstanding debt conditions Locked in work or living quarters Sexual and physical violence Other forms of punishments Under constant surveillance Withholding of wages Medium indicators Financial penalties The data collected during individual interviews and focus group discussions with migrant workers were entered into the database. The data were coded using the indicators above and validated twice. Several cases proved difficult to assess. For instance, migrant workers whose employers forced them to pay a deposit in order to obtain travel documents and the right to leave their work were not considered in an “impossible to leave” situation if there was no risk of losing any rights and privileges. 7 During data analysis, any adult worker for whom the dimension of “unfree recruitment” or “life and work under duress” or “impossibility of leaving” was positive was considered to be a victim of trafficking for forced labour. The main information-gathering tool for the study was the questionnaire administered to migrant workers. It was used in 34 focus group discussions with migrant workers (involving 263 individuals) and 91 individual interviews in the four selected countries. The key sources are summarized by occupational sectors in table 2.5, illustrating the variety of stakeholders who helped triangulate the information in order to map the processes of human trafficking in the Middle East. 7 ILO: Human trafficking and forced labour exploitation: Guidelines for legislation and law enforcement (Geneva, 2005), pp. 19–20. 35
Table 2.5. Overview of sources of information Occupational sector Domestic work Sex work Other economic activities (construction, manufacturing, trade, agriculture and seafarers) Sources of information •Women and men employed as domestic workers (regular and irregular status) • Detained domestic workers • Former domestic workers living in temporary shelters • Government officials (Ministries of labour, interior, justice, foreign affairs, social affairs) • Embassy officials of countries of origin • Employers of domestic workers • Workers’ organizations • Employers’ organizations • Migrant community leaders • Local and international NGOs (in countries of origin and destination) • International organizations • Bar associations • Private employment agencies • Academics • Sex workers • Women and men employed in the entertainment industry: hostesses, waitresses, dancers; owners, managers and security staff of night clubs • Sex brokers (pimps) • Government officials (Ministries of labour, interior, justice, foreign affairs, social affairs) • Embassy officials of countries of origin • Clients of sex workers • Workers’ organizations • Migrant community leaders • Local and international NGOs (in countries of origin and destination) • International organizations • Media professionals • Academics •Women and men migrant workers • Owners and managers of companies • Government officials (Ministries of labour, interior, justice, foreign affairs, social affairs) • Embassy officials of countries of origin • Workers’ organizations • Chambers of commerce and industry • Migrant community leaders • Local and international NGOs (in destination countries) • International organizations • Bar associations • Media professionals • Academics 36
Page 1 and 2: In collaboration with TRICKED AND T
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © International Labour O
Page 5 and 6: officials, worker and employer repr
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.2. Recruitment 101 3.3.3. Work
Page 9 and 10: MoJ MoL MWPS MoSAL NCCHT NCT NGO NH
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Dimension
Page 13 and 14: The realization of this research pr
Page 15 and 16: In an effort to fill gaps in unders
Page 17 and 18: There have also been cases of anima
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE ISSUE 1.1. D
Page 22 and 23: People trafficked for any of the ex
Page 24 and 25: 1.2. GLOBAL DEBATES ON HUMAN TRAFFI
Page 26 and 27: processes by which migrant workers
Page 28 and 29: Concerted efforts have been made to
Page 30 and 31: documented abuses against domestic
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARC
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.1. Dimensions of forced lab
Page 38 and 39: 2.2. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED In
Page 40: Having said that, the Middle East i
Page 43 and 44: individuals who voluntarily agree t
Page 45 and 46: 3.1.2. Recruitment of domestic work
Page 47 and 48: domestic worker explained, “many
Page 49 and 50: An official from the NGO KAFA went
Page 51 and 52: Another Filipina explained the supp
Page 53 and 54: In Jordan, an official from Tamkeen
Page 55 and 56: workers supported by the NGO report
Page 57 and 58: on the balcony. When it got cold, I
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.4. Impossibility of leaving Wor
Page 61 and 62: Legally, the domestic worker has li
Page 63 and 64: embassy three times to make an emer
Page 65 and 66: given that it is not easy for a mig
Page 67 and 68: Analysis of the information provide
Page 69 and 70: country, or whose relatives are dec
Page 71 and 72: 3.2.2. Recruitment Recruitment of d
Page 73 and 74: to provide sexual services. Most of
Page 75 and 76: The research team was unable to int
Page 77 and 78: Box 3.9. A press report of traffick
Page 79 and 80: explained that in 2010 there were b
Page 81 and 82: There are conflicting views over th
Page 83 and 84: one nightclub owner in Amman. 144 T
Page 85 and 86: 2011, three minors and three adult
Page 87 and 88:
Many reports confirm the interlinka
Page 89 and 90:
Some claim that the situation of ar
Page 91 and 92:
finish working, especially Tunisian
Page 93 and 94:
Investigations carried out by the I
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Detention of women accused of prost
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Lack of any economic and social alt
Page 99 and 100:
3.3. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.3.
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Table 3.3. Overview of four process
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Indeed, many of those interviewed w
Page 105 and 106:
workers, often requiring them to ta
Page 107 and 108:
not suitable for the position so th
Page 109 and 110:
The case of seafarers Stories emerg
Page 111 and 112:
personnel from the ports to offshor
Page 113 and 114:
of destination often happen through
Page 115 and 116:
and we will find him a new job”.
Page 117 and 118:
Degrading living and working condit
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Ministerial Decree 1186 (2010) was
Page 121 and 122:
Retention of personal documents Lac
Page 124 and 125:
CHAPTER 4: REGIONAL RESPONSES TO HU
Page 126 and 127:
In Lebanon, the Government ratified
Page 128 and 129:
trafficking efforts in the seven em
Page 130 and 131:
stipulating that employers must giv
Page 132 and 133:
In Kuwait, in the absence of a spec
Page 134 and 135:
4.1.5. Prosecution of human traffic
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Box 4.1. Ending the use of child ca
Page 138 and 139:
4.2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONA
Page 140 and 141:
order management officers at the ai
Page 142 and 143:
government action has, however, bee
Page 144 and 145:
Box 4.3. Ending forced labour in th
Page 146 and 147:
among migrant workers and no protoc
Page 148 and 149:
to the needs of their citizens. The
Page 150 and 151:
Dialogue in 2008 to promote a colla
Page 152 and 153:
CHAPTER 5: A WAY FORWARD Comprehens
Page 154 and 155:
to legally terminate a contract aft
Page 156 and 157:
5.3.2. Taking measures to reduce vu
Page 158 and 159:
attention also needs to be given to
Page 160 and 161:
with new skills, which will make it
Page 162 and 163:
ANNEX: LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO KE
Page 164 and 165:
BIBLIOGRAPHY National legislation B
Page 166 and 167:
Lebanon Labour Code, 1946. Law on E
Page 168 and 169:
International Convention on the Pro
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The Economist. 2010. “Little bett
Page 172 and 173:
—. 2006. Multilateral Framework o
Page 174 and 175:
—. 2011b. Qatar’s ambitions for
Page 176 and 177:
—. 2010. The international legal
Page 178 and 179:
Transient Workers Count Two. 2012.
Page 180:
This regional study sheds light on
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