Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

More documents

Recommendations

Info

to legally terminate a contract after the probation period, and therefore it is important to consider revising them in line with international standards. Mechanisms for setting a minimum wage remain relatively undeveloped in the Arab region, yet they are essential to overcome asymmetries in bargaining power or the lack of effective collective bargaining. 3 In the words of the Minimum Wage Fixing Convention, 1970 (No. 131), one of their main objectives is to protect “disadvantaged groups of wage earners” against “unduly low wages”. Governments in the Middle East reiterated their commitment to set up a study on the establishment of a minimum wage in the region at the tripartite meeting on wage policies in Amman in 2012. 4 Fixing sectoral minimum wages for vulnerable workers, that do not discriminate between nationals and migrant workers, would help protect those workers at the bottom of the wage distribution from further exploitation. In putting these measures in place, special attention needs to be paid to avoiding undervaluation of certain sectors, including domestic work, as there is the risk that minimum wages will be set systematically lower for femaledominated sectors than for male-dominated sectors with similar skill profiles. 5 The adoption of minimum wages for all sectors would reduce discrimination against migrant workers based on national origin, and would also reduce competition between countries of origin, some of which have sought to retain their competitive edge in overseas labour markets by failing to regulate the wages of their migrant workers. It would further avoid compartmentalization, especially of domestic workers, ensuring that policies are developed on the basis of a basic package of entitlements for all migrant workers. In dealing with the labour law deficit pertaining to domestic workers, governments and social partners can refer to ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189), and the accompanying Recommendation (No. 201), in developing their own normative framework on domestic work. Improving working conditions in the sector would have broader ramifications for greater gender equality, as the ILO estimates there are 2.1 million domestic workers in the Middle East, and that one in five women workers in the region are domestic workers. 6 In October 2012 the ILO organized a high-level regional tripartite conference on decent work for domestic workers, at which it was agreed with ILO constituents from the region that existing national protection mechanisms should be expanded to include domestic workers. 7 3 In the region, only Lebanon and Jordan have a statutory wage floor. 4 ILO: Summary and conclusions, Regional tripartite meeting on wage policies in the Arab countries, convened by the ILO under the patronage of the Minister of Labour of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Amman, 17–20 Sep. 2012. 5 ILO: Domestic workers across the world: Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection (Geneva, Jan. 2013), pp. 78–79. 6 Ibid., p. 31. 7 Many of the conference materials can be found at http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ 153
Discussions are also under way regarding the development of a unified standard contract for domestic workers in the GCC countries, providing policy-makers throughout the region with a golden opportunity to align this model contract with the provisions of Convention No. 189 on terms and conditions of employment, including those regarding remuneration, hours of work, paid annual leave, daily and weekly rest periods, food and accommodation, as well as those relating to the termination of employment and repatriation. 5.3. IMPROVING PREVENTION MECHANISMS Over recent years there has been a growing recognition of the importance of measures to prevent forced labour, with the objectives of reducing vulnerability to such exploitation, addressing the demand for forced labour, and strengthening law enforcement and deterrent measures. 8 5.3.1. The need for additional qualitative and quantitative research The ILO research carried out in Lebanon and Jordan for this study took place prior to the massive influx of Syrians in the region. There is a need to revisit the situation of Syrian refugees and migrant workers, in light of the ongoing conflict and its consequences on the labour market in neighboring countries. Working and living conditions have worsened both for the displaced people and the host communities, and heightened the vulnerability of certain individuals to exploitation. The ILO research for this study has underscored the need for quantitative studies that measure the scale and prevalence of human trafficking in each country of the Middle East.The ILO is ready to provide technical assistance to design and implement comprehensive national surveys that will provide policy-makers with a clear picture of the current problem that will enable them to better target their interventions. It has already carried out such quantitative assessments in Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Sri Lanka and Zambia. Additional research on the political economy of sex work could also pave the way for a better understanding of human trafficking as it relates to forced sexual exploitation. Research focusing on children is also required, to determine whether they are subject to the same processes identified in this study as applying to adults, or whether other processes apply specifically to children. region/arpro/beirut/what/events/2012/c189/index.htm [accessed 7 Mar. 2012]. 8 ILO: Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting of Experts on Forced Labour and Trafficking for Labour Exploitation, concerning the possible adoption of an ILO instrument to supplement the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), Geneva, Feb., p. 25. 154
Page 1 and 2:
In collaboration with TRICKED AND T
Page 3 and 4:
Copyright © International Labour O
Page 5 and 6:
officials, worker and employer repr
Page 7 and 8:
3.3.2. Recruitment 101 3.3.3. Work
Page 9 and 10:
MoJ MoL MWPS MoSAL NCCHT NCT NGO NH
Page 11 and 12:
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Dimension
Page 13 and 14:
The realization of this research pr
Page 15 and 16:
In an effort to fill gaps in unders
Page 17 and 18:
There have also been cases of anima
Page 20 and 21:
CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE ISSUE 1.1. D
Page 22 and 23:
People trafficked for any of the ex
Page 24 and 25:
1.2. GLOBAL DEBATES ON HUMAN TRAFFI
Page 26 and 27:
processes by which migrant workers
Page 28 and 29:
Concerted efforts have been made to
Page 30 and 31:
documented abuses against domestic
Page 32 and 33:
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARC
Page 34 and 35:
Table 2.1. Dimensions of forced lab
Page 36 and 37:
Table 2.4. Indicators of impossibil
Page 38 and 39:
2.2. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED In
Page 40:
Having said that, the Middle East i
Page 43 and 44:
individuals who voluntarily agree t
Page 45 and 46:
3.1.2. Recruitment of domestic work
Page 47 and 48:
domestic worker explained, “many
Page 49 and 50:
An official from the NGO KAFA went
Page 51 and 52:
Another Filipina explained the supp
Page 53 and 54:
In Jordan, an official from Tamkeen
Page 55 and 56:
workers supported by the NGO report
Page 57 and 58:
on the balcony. When it got cold, I
Page 59 and 60:
3.1.4. Impossibility of leaving Wor
Page 61 and 62:
Legally, the domestic worker has li
Page 63 and 64:
embassy three times to make an emer
Page 65 and 66:
given that it is not easy for a mig
Page 67 and 68:
Analysis of the information provide
Page 69 and 70:
country, or whose relatives are dec
Page 71 and 72:
3.2.2. Recruitment Recruitment of d
Page 73 and 74:
to provide sexual services. Most of
Page 75 and 76:
The research team was unable to int
Page 77 and 78:
Box 3.9. A press report of traffick
Page 79 and 80:
explained that in 2010 there were b
Page 81 and 82:
There are conflicting views over th
Page 83 and 84:
one nightclub owner in Amman. 144 T
Page 85 and 86:
2011, three minors and three adult
Page 87 and 88:
Many reports confirm the interlinka
Page 89 and 90:
Some claim that the situation of ar
Page 91 and 92:
finish working, especially Tunisian
Page 93 and 94:
Investigations carried out by the I
Page 95 and 96:
Detention of women accused of prost
Page 97 and 98:
Lack of any economic and social alt
Page 99 and 100:
3.3. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.3.
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3.3. Overview of four process
Page 103 and 104: Indeed, many of those interviewed w
Page 105 and 106: workers, often requiring them to ta
Page 107 and 108: not suitable for the position so th
Page 109 and 110: The case of seafarers Stories emerg
Page 111 and 112: personnel from the ports to offshor
Page 113 and 114: of destination often happen through
Page 115 and 116: and we will find him a new job”.
Page 117 and 118: Degrading living and working condit
Page 119 and 120: Ministerial Decree 1186 (2010) was
Page 121 and 122: Retention of personal documents Lac
Page 124 and 125: CHAPTER 4: REGIONAL RESPONSES TO HU
Page 126 and 127: In Lebanon, the Government ratified
Page 128 and 129: trafficking efforts in the seven em
Page 130 and 131: stipulating that employers must giv
Page 132 and 133: In Kuwait, in the absence of a spec
Page 134 and 135: 4.1.5. Prosecution of human traffic
Page 136 and 137: Box 4.1. Ending the use of child ca
Page 138 and 139: 4.2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONA
Page 140 and 141: order management officers at the ai
Page 142 and 143: government action has, however, bee
Page 144 and 145: Box 4.3. Ending forced labour in th
Page 146 and 147: among migrant workers and no protoc
Page 148 and 149: to the needs of their citizens. The
Page 150 and 151: Dialogue in 2008 to promote a colla
Page 152 and 153: CHAPTER 5: A WAY FORWARD Comprehens
Page 156 and 157: 5.3.2. Taking measures to reduce vu
Page 158 and 159: attention also needs to be given to
Page 160 and 161: with new skills, which will make it
Page 162 and 163: ANNEX: LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO KE
Page 164 and 165: BIBLIOGRAPHY National legislation B
Page 166 and 167: Lebanon Labour Code, 1946. Law on E
Page 168 and 169: International Convention on the Pro
Page 170 and 171: The Economist. 2010. “Little bett
Page 172 and 173: —. 2006. Multilateral Framework o
Page 174 and 175: —. 2011b. Qatar’s ambitions for
Page 176 and 177: —. 2010. The international legal
Page 178 and 179: Transient Workers Count Two. 2012.
Page 180: This regional study sheds light on
show all

Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?