Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

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2.2. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED In total, 653 people (372 men and 281 women) were interviewed for the study, of whom 354 were migrant workers and 299 were key informants. Similar numbers of key informants were interviewed in Kuwait, Lebanon and the UAE, slightly fewer in Jordan, as shown in table 2.6. Additional information collected was obtained from 43 key informants in other countries. 8 Table 2.6. Overview of data sample Category Key informants Migrant workers Total number interviewed 299 354 Total number per country Jordan 54 66 Kuwait 66 127 Lebanon 71 100 UAE 65 61 Other countries 43 Total male: female ratio 204 male: 95 female 168 male: 186 female Type of key informants Government officials 115 Social partners 50 Other 134 Of the 354 migrant workers interviewed, 266 were assessed to be in a situation of forced labour and trafficking – that is, over two-thirds of the total number of migrants interviewed. This proportion cannot be extrapolated to characterize the overall situation in the region, given the sampling methodology employed. The migrant workers who participated in the interviews for this study were not selected randomly: either they were living in shelters run by NGOs, embassies or the national authorities, or they had chosen to leave an exploitative situation and enter the informal labour market instead. Key informants also recommended to the research team other migrant workers who were particularly vulnerable to exploitation. In order to determine the prevalence of forced labour and trafficking accross the Middle East, further quantitative research is needed. Table 2.7 provides detail on the indicators of trafficking and forced labour that were captured in the interviews. 8 Phone interviews were carried out with civil society actors working in migrant worker protection based in Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Egypt, Ethiopia, Iraq, Nepal, Qatar, Sri Lanka, Switzerland and the Philippines. 37
Table 2.7. Overview of forced labour indicators among migrant workers interviewed 1 Dimension of forced labour Sub-category of indicator Number of reported instances Unfree recruitment Coercive recruitment 0 Deceptive recruitment 206 Work and life under duress Impossibility of leaving employer Total number in situation of forced labour and trafficking 1 Total no. of migrant workers interviewed: 354. Threat and/or violence 130 Limited freedom 101 Withholding of wages 149 Forced overtime 196 Forced tasks 108 Retention of identity 267 papers 168 Human trafficking for labour exploitation is a global problem, affecting virtually every country in the world. The latest ILO global estimate shows that the estimated number of victims of forced labour in the Middle East – at 600,000 – is lower than in other regions of the world, and that forced labour prevalence (at 3.4 per thousand) is also lower than in either Central and South-Eastern Europe or Africa. It would be wrong to assume that all migrant workers in the region suffer from exploitative situations; migrants can, and do have positive work experiences, and many remit significant sums of money back to their families at home. 266 9 The global estimate also found that the Asia and Pacific region accounts for by far the highest absolute number of forced labourers – 11.7 million or 56% of the global total. See ILO: Global estimate of forced labour: Results and methodology (Geneva, 2012), pp. 15–16. 38
Page 1 and 2: In collaboration with TRICKED AND T
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © International Labour O
Page 5 and 6: officials, worker and employer repr
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.2. Recruitment 101 3.3.3. Work
Page 9 and 10: MoJ MoL MWPS MoSAL NCCHT NCT NGO NH
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Dimension
Page 13 and 14: The realization of this research pr
Page 15 and 16: In an effort to fill gaps in unders
Page 17 and 18: There have also been cases of anima
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE ISSUE 1.1. D
Page 22 and 23: People trafficked for any of the ex
Page 24 and 25: 1.2. GLOBAL DEBATES ON HUMAN TRAFFI
Page 26 and 27: processes by which migrant workers
Page 28 and 29: Concerted efforts have been made to
Page 30 and 31: documented abuses against domestic
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARC
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.1. Dimensions of forced lab
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.4. Indicators of impossibil
Page 40: Having said that, the Middle East i
Page 43 and 44: individuals who voluntarily agree t
Page 45 and 46: 3.1.2. Recruitment of domestic work
Page 47 and 48: domestic worker explained, “many
Page 49 and 50: An official from the NGO KAFA went
Page 51 and 52: Another Filipina explained the supp
Page 53 and 54: In Jordan, an official from Tamkeen
Page 55 and 56: workers supported by the NGO report
Page 57 and 58: on the balcony. When it got cold, I
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.4. Impossibility of leaving Wor
Page 61 and 62: Legally, the domestic worker has li
Page 63 and 64: embassy three times to make an emer
Page 65 and 66: given that it is not easy for a mig
Page 67 and 68: Analysis of the information provide
Page 69 and 70: country, or whose relatives are dec
Page 71 and 72: 3.2.2. Recruitment Recruitment of d
Page 73 and 74: to provide sexual services. Most of
Page 75 and 76: The research team was unable to int
Page 77 and 78: Box 3.9. A press report of traffick
Page 79 and 80: explained that in 2010 there were b
Page 81 and 82: There are conflicting views over th
Page 83 and 84: one nightclub owner in Amman. 144 T
Page 85 and 86: 2011, three minors and three adult
Page 87 and 88: Many reports confirm the interlinka
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Some claim that the situation of ar
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finish working, especially Tunisian
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Investigations carried out by the I
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Detention of women accused of prost
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Lack of any economic and social alt
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3.3. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.3.
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Table 3.3. Overview of four process
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Indeed, many of those interviewed w
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workers, often requiring them to ta
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not suitable for the position so th
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The case of seafarers Stories emerg
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personnel from the ports to offshor
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of destination often happen through
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and we will find him a new job”.
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Degrading living and working condit
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Ministerial Decree 1186 (2010) was
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Retention of personal documents Lac
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CHAPTER 4: REGIONAL RESPONSES TO HU
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In Lebanon, the Government ratified
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trafficking efforts in the seven em
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stipulating that employers must giv
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In Kuwait, in the absence of a spec
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4.1.5. Prosecution of human traffic
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Box 4.1. Ending the use of child ca
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4.2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONA
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order management officers at the ai
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government action has, however, bee
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Box 4.3. Ending forced labour in th
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among migrant workers and no protoc
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to the needs of their citizens. The
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Dialogue in 2008 to promote a colla
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CHAPTER 5: A WAY FORWARD Comprehens
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to legally terminate a contract aft
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5.3.2. Taking measures to reduce vu
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attention also needs to be given to
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with new skills, which will make it
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ANNEX: LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO KE
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BIBLIOGRAPHY National legislation B
Page 166 and 167:
Lebanon Labour Code, 1946. Law on E
Page 168 and 169:
International Convention on the Pro
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The Economist. 2010. “Little bett
Page 172 and 173:
—. 2006. Multilateral Framework o
Page 174 and 175:
—. 2011b. Qatar’s ambitions for
Page 176 and 177:
—. 2010. The international legal
Page 178 and 179:
Transient Workers Count Two. 2012.
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This regional study sheds light on
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