Tricked and Trapped: Human Trafficking in the Middle East, â€Žpdf 4.1 MB

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documented abuses against domestic workers in the region. 45 Debate on the scope of trafficking has arisen in the specific context of domestic work, with scholars taking opposing views on whether domestic workers should be viewed as victims of trafficking in the Middle East. 46 By contrast, fewer publications have addressed trafficking for sexual exploitation in the region. The analysis currently available has focused mostly on the perception of and response to sex trafficking in Iraq and the Gulf countries. 47 It has further been argued in the (admittedly limited) literature that early and temporary forms of marriage in the Middle East make women vulnerable to sexual exploitation by forcing them into prostitution for economic gain. 48 As the UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery states, marriage can lead to sexual and labour exploitation when “the husband of a woman, his family, or his clan, has the right to transfer her to another person for value received or otherwise”. 49 Also, in temporary marriage, women have no rights to divorce, which limits the possibility of escape from an exploitative situation. There are equally few studies addressing the issue of child trafficking in the Middle East. Literature on the region has highlighted the existence of child trafficking for domestic servitude, camel racing, street begging, sexual exploitation, forced marriage and illegal adoption. 50 The latest global estimate on child labour which included the Middle East was published in 2002. 51 45 For further reading, see Human Rights Watch: Exported and exposed: Abuses against Sri Lankan domestic workers in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates, Vol. 19, No. 16C (New York, Nov. 2007); Human Rights Watch et al.: Domestic plight: How Jordanian laws, officials, employers and recruiters fail abused migrant domestic workers (New York, Sep. 2011); Human Rights Watch: Without protection: How the Lebanese justice system fails migrant domestic workers (New York, Sep. 2010); Human Rights Watch: Walls at every turn: Abuse of migrant domestic workers through Kuwait’s sponsorship system (New York, Oct. 2010); Human Rights Watch: “As if I am not human”: Abuses against Asian domestic workers in Saudi Arabia (New York, July 2008). 46 For further reading, see A. Vlieger: “Domestic workers in Saudi Arabia and the Emirates: Trafficking victims?” in Amsterdam Law School Research Paper, No. 32 (University of Amsterdam, 2011), p. 1. 47 For more reading on the subject, see Heartland Alliance: Human trafficking in Iraq: Patterns and practices in forced labour and sexual exploitation (Chicago, May 2007); SCEME: Karamatuna: An investigation into the sex trafficking of Iraqi women and girls (London, 2011); P. Mahdavi: “The “trafficking” of Persians: Labour, migration, and traffic in Dubbay”, in Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East (2010, Vol. 30, No. 3); T. O’Neill, “ ‘Selling girls in Kuwait’: Domestic labour migration and trafficking discourse in Nepal”, in Anthropologica (2001, Vol. 43, No. 2). 48 M. Mattar: “Trafficking in persons, especially women and children, in countries of the Middle East: The scope of the problem and the appropriate legislative responses”, in Fordham International Law Journal (2002, Vol. 26, No. 7), pp. 730–34. 49 UN Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery, art. 1. 50 UNICEF: Child Protection Information Sheets (New York, May 2006), p. 27. 51 ILO: Every child counts: New global estimates on child labour (Geneva, Apr. 2002), p. 4. 29
In Lebanon specifically, two studies on child trafficking have been carried out at country level by international NGOs. One study identified not only trafficking for labour and sexual exploitation, but also forced involvement in criminal activities and organ trafficking. 52 The other drew the attention to the vulnerability of Dom children to sexual exploitation, 53 both inside Lebanon and in other countries in the Middle East. 54 52 C. Lewis: A preliminary study on child trafficking in Lebanon: Patterns, perceptions and mechanisms for prevention and protection (Beirut, World Vision, Jan. 2011), pp. 25–26. 53 The Dom people are often negatively referred as “gypsies” or “Roms”. 54 Terre des Hommes: The Dom people and their children in Lebanon: A child protection assessment (Lausanne, 2011), pp. 58–59. 30
Page 1 and 2: In collaboration with TRICKED AND T
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © International Labour O
Page 5 and 6: officials, worker and employer repr
Page 7 and 8: 3.3.2. Recruitment 101 3.3.3. Work
Page 9 and 10: MoJ MoL MWPS MoSAL NCCHT NCT NGO NH
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Dimension
Page 13 and 14: The realization of this research pr
Page 15 and 16: In an effort to fill gaps in unders
Page 17 and 18: There have also been cases of anima
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 1: FRAMING THE ISSUE 1.1. D
Page 22 and 23: People trafficked for any of the ex
Page 24 and 25: 1.2. GLOBAL DEBATES ON HUMAN TRAFFI
Page 26 and 27: processes by which migrant workers
Page 28 and 29: Concerted efforts have been made to
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 2.1. RESEARC
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.1. Dimensions of forced lab
Page 36 and 37: Table 2.4. Indicators of impossibil
Page 38 and 39: 2.2. OVERVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED In
Page 40: Having said that, the Middle East i
Page 43 and 44: individuals who voluntarily agree t
Page 45 and 46: 3.1.2. Recruitment of domestic work
Page 47 and 48: domestic worker explained, “many
Page 49 and 50: An official from the NGO KAFA went
Page 51 and 52: Another Filipina explained the supp
Page 53 and 54: In Jordan, an official from Tamkeen
Page 55 and 56: workers supported by the NGO report
Page 57 and 58: on the balcony. When it got cold, I
Page 59 and 60: 3.1.4. Impossibility of leaving Wor
Page 61 and 62: Legally, the domestic worker has li
Page 63 and 64: embassy three times to make an emer
Page 65 and 66: given that it is not easy for a mig
Page 67 and 68: Analysis of the information provide
Page 69 and 70: country, or whose relatives are dec
Page 71 and 72: 3.2.2. Recruitment Recruitment of d
Page 73 and 74: to provide sexual services. Most of
Page 75 and 76: The research team was unable to int
Page 77 and 78: Box 3.9. A press report of traffick
Page 79 and 80: explained that in 2010 there were b
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There are conflicting views over th
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one nightclub owner in Amman. 144 T
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2011, three minors and three adult
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Many reports confirm the interlinka
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Some claim that the situation of ar
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finish working, especially Tunisian
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Investigations carried out by the I
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Detention of women accused of prost
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Lack of any economic and social alt
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3.3. OTHER ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 3.3.
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Table 3.3. Overview of four process
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Indeed, many of those interviewed w
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workers, often requiring them to ta
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not suitable for the position so th
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The case of seafarers Stories emerg
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personnel from the ports to offshor
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of destination often happen through
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and we will find him a new job”.
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Degrading living and working condit
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Ministerial Decree 1186 (2010) was
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Retention of personal documents Lac
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CHAPTER 4: REGIONAL RESPONSES TO HU
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In Lebanon, the Government ratified
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trafficking efforts in the seven em
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stipulating that employers must giv
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In Kuwait, in the absence of a spec
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4.1.5. Prosecution of human traffic
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Box 4.1. Ending the use of child ca
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4.2. STRENGTHENING THE INSTITUTIONA
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order management officers at the ai
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government action has, however, bee
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Box 4.3. Ending forced labour in th
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among migrant workers and no protoc
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to the needs of their citizens. The
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Dialogue in 2008 to promote a colla
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CHAPTER 5: A WAY FORWARD Comprehens
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to legally terminate a contract aft
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5.3.2. Taking measures to reduce vu
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attention also needs to be given to
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with new skills, which will make it
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ANNEX: LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO KE
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BIBLIOGRAPHY National legislation B
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Lebanon Labour Code, 1946. Law on E
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International Convention on the Pro
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The Economist. 2010. “Little bett
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—. 2006. Multilateral Framework o
Page 174 and 175:
—. 2011b. Qatar’s ambitions for
Page 176 and 177:
—. 2010. The international legal
Page 178 and 179:
Transient Workers Count Two. 2012.
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This regional study sheds light on
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