Projected Costs of Generating Electricity - OECD Nuclear Energy ...

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2004. It envisages the gradual increase of taxes on fossil fuels and electricity (refer to Table 1). For petrol and diesel the tax was increased annually by 3.07 €¢/liter and reached an amount of 15.35 €¢/liter in 2004. The Eco-tax for light oil was introduced in 1999 with 2.05 €¢/liter and for heavy oil the tax was levied in 2000 and was augmented in 2003 to a final tax amount of 0.97 €¢/kg. For gas the final Eco-tax was applied in two steps, 0.164 €¢/kWh in 1999 plus 0.202 €¢/kWh in 2003. The electricity tax was introduced at 1.02 €¢/kWh with an annual increase of 0.26 €¢/kWh from 2000-2003; reaching 2.06 €¢/kWh in 2004 (UBA, 2002). Since January 2004 all liquid biofuels are exempted from the fuel taxes. This applies for biodiesel (RME), bioethanol and for all other fuels from biogenic resources. Fossil fuels may be blended with 5% biofuels without explicit declaration. Table 1 – Increasing rate of Eco-tax on fuels and electricity Energy carrier Unit 1. step 2. step 3. step 4. step 5. step April 1999 Jan. 2000 Jan. 2001 Jan. 2002 Jan 2003 Fuels €¢/liter 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.07 3.07 Light oil €¢/liter 2.05 – – – – Heavy oil €¢/kg – 0.26 – – 0.71 Gas €¢/kWh 0.164 – – – 0.202 Electricity €¢/kWh 1.02 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 In April 2002 the new German CHP law, the “Law on the Conservation, Modernization and Development of Combined Heat and Power” 9 came into force. The law enacts a subsidy on the connection of certain types of CHP units to the public grid and on the purchase of their electricity production by the grid. On top of the agreed price for their deliveries to the grid, the operators of the units are entitled to obtain supplementary payments on each kWh delivered as given in Table 2. Also, the law establishes the statutory right of CHP operators to receive the market price for their electricity deliveries to the grid according to stock market value. The law thus increases the financial returns and it will therefore support the continued operation and modernisation of already existing CHP plant regardless of their size. It also aims to encourage the installation of new small-scale CHP units up to 2 MWe electrical capacity and applications based on fuel cell technology. Table 2 – Supplementary payment for CHP electricity deliveries to the public grid 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 €¢/kWh Existing old CHP plant (start of operation before 31/12/89) 1.53 1.53 1.38 1.38 0.97 Existing new CHP plant (start of operation between 31/12/89 and the date when the new law came into effect) 1.53 1.53 1.38 1.38 1.23 1.23 0.82 0.56 Modernised CHP plant (start of operation after the new law came into effect) 1.74 1.74 1.74 1.69 1.69 1.64 1.64 1.59 1.59 New small-scale CHP plant between 50 and 2 000 kWe 2.56 2.56 2.40 2.40 2.25 2.25 2.10 2.10 1.94 New small-scale CHP plant ≤ 50 kWe which start continuous operation before the end of 2005, and fuel cell units 5.11 €¢/kWh for a period of 10 years beginning from the start of continuous operation Supplementary payments for small scale CHP plant up to 2 MWe (this includes also units
The aim of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) is to double at least the amount of electricity generated from renewable energy sources by 2010 (12.5%) compared to 1999 (5.8%). Thus, electricity generation from renewable energy resources in Germany is supported by this act (renewed in 2004) which guarantees fixed feed-in tariffs. Electricity grid operators are obliged to give priority to the purchase of electricity from solar energy, hydropower, wind power, geothermal power and biomass and to pay a specified price for it, set by the law. The level of compensation is based on the production costs. Price premiums for these energy sources are passed on to the consumer in the form of increased electricity prices. The feed-in tariffs are differentiated according to energy forms, size of power plants, applied technology, (e.g. innovative technologies, etc.) and energy resource provision (e.g. for biomass). Recent power plants fulfill the environmental requirements according to the environmental protection limits of the regulation of large combustion plants according to the Federal Immission Protection Law (13. BImSchV). 10 Its amendment passed the parliament on June 2004 and intensifies the reduction of emissions of power plants depending on their combustion capacity. The regulation is based on recent western standards. Future power plants will be designed with the environmental protection systems including pollution control equipment to comply with it. Table 3 – Environmental limit values of emissions for large combustion plants as stipulated in the amendment of the 13. BImSchV Polluant Unit Coal Oil Gas SO 2 mg/m 3 850 a /200 bc 850 a /200-400 b /200 c 35 NO x mg/m 3 400 a /200 bc 200 ab /150 c 150 a /100 bc CO mg/m 3 150 a /200 bc 80 80 Dust mg/m 3 20 20 ab /10 c 5 a. Plants with a combustion capacity between 50 and 100 MW. b. Plants with a combustion capacity between 100 and 300 MW. c. Plants with a combustion capacity greater than 300 MW. On 26 April 2002, the “Act on the structured phase-out of the utilisation of nuclear energy for the commercial generation of electricity” 11 came into force. It makes fundamental amendments to the 1959 Atomic Energy Act by stipulating the phase out of the use of nuclear energy in a structured manner. Among the key points of the amendment is the ban on constructing new commercial nuclear power plants. The new act lays down a maximum permitted residual electricity volume for each existing individual nuclear power plant. The electricity volumes of older nuclear power plants can be transferred to newer plants and the on-going operation must be ensured up to the date of the plant’s discontinuation. The nuclear electricity production will gradually decrease and be phased out by the year 2022. Electricity generation and generation capacities in 2002 and 2003 In 2003 the total amount of gross electricity supplied in Germany was about 642.7 TWh. This is an increase of about 2.4% in comparison to the previous year. About 93% of the power generation, corresponding to 597 TWh is produced indigenously and about 45.7 TWh is imported from abroad. The power plants of the public supply, including the power generation of the national railway organisation, generated about 526.8 TWh gross electricity and of the industry about 49 TWh. The electricity generation of the power plants for private uses accounts for 21.2 TWh; this is an increase of about 14.6% of the total generation in 2003 compared to 2002. The total electricity balance is shown in Table 4. 10. “Dreizehnte Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes (Verordnung über Grossfeuerungsanlagen – 13. BImSchV)”. 11. “Gesetz zur geordneten Beendigung der Kernenergienutzung zur gewerblichen Erzeugung von Elektrizität”. 117
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NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY INTERNATIONAL
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ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERAT
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Table of Contents Table of Contents
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Figures Figure 3.1 Specific overnig
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The introduction of liberalisation
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150 USD/MWh at a 5% discount rate a
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The technologies and plant types co
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locations and/or very favourable co
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conclusions of the study were used
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Chapter 2 Input Data and Cost Calcu
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equipped with emission control devi
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Table 2.2 - Exchange rates (as of 1
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Table 2.4 - Coal plant specificatio
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Table 2.7 - Wind and solar power pl
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Table 2.10 - Other plant specificat
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Figure 3.1 - Specific overnight con
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exchange rates, the coal prices var
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Construction time Gas-fired power p
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USD/MWh 70 60 Figure 3.5 - Levelise
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O&M costs The specific annual O&M c
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Cost ranges for coal, gas and nucle
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Ratio 1.9 Figure 3.12 - Cost ratios
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Table 3.11 - Overnight construction
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Table 3.14 - Projected generation c
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Except for the offshore plant in th
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At 10% discount rate, the levelised
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At 5% discount rate, hydroelectrici
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Table 4.4 - Overnight construction
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Table 4.6 - Projected generation co
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A CHP plant typically supplies heat
Page 68 and 69: Table 5.1 - Overnight construction
Page 70 and 71: Figure 5.2 - Levelised costs of ele
Page 72 and 73: lower unit capital and operating co
Page 74 and 75: Table 6.5 - Overnight construction
Page 76 and 77: cost calculation for some 130 power
Page 78 and 79: It should be stressed that the plan
Page 80 and 81: Concluding remarks The lowest level
Page 82 and 83: Portugal Mr. António B. Gomes EDP
Page 84 and 85: Table A2.1 - Nuclear plant investme
Page 86 and 87: Overnight Capital Costs: Constructi
Page 88 and 89: Table A2.7 - Gas-fired (including C
Page 90 and 91: Table A2.10 - Wind plant investment
Page 96 and 97: Cost structure of supported green e
Page 98 and 99: The highest investment cost arises
Page 100 and 101: The expected development of the per
Page 102 and 103: ● ● Autoproducers. These firms
Page 104 and 105: Canada The electricity market situa
Page 106 and 107: Natural gas - combined cycle gas tu
Page 108 and 109: Denmark Basic data Denmark has abou
Page 110 and 111: In the future, both an increase in
Page 112 and 113: nuclear operator Teollisuuden Voima
Page 114 and 115: these power generation methods. Two
Page 116 and 117: Figure 5 - Competitiveness of vario
Page 120 and 121: Table 4 - Gross electricity supply
Page 122 and 123: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Page 124 and 125: Electricity generation costs The to
Page 126 and 127: photovoltaic device. Finally the su
Page 128 and 129: Table 1 - Installed electric power
Page 130 and 131: Japan Consumers in Japan are suppli
Page 132 and 133: BPE will be established not as a bi
Page 134 and 135: Coal Coal fired power plants have b
Page 136 and 137: A new sewage treatment plant with a
Page 138 and 139: The interconnections between Portug
Page 140 and 141: In order to respond to these basic
Page 142 and 143: efficient energies and is reducing
Page 144 and 145: Liberalisation Basic restructuring
Page 146 and 147: External costs for electricity prod
Page 148 and 149: At the beginning of plant operation
Page 150 and 151: and high ash, moisture and sulphur
Page 152 and 153: The White Paper did not contain pro
Page 154 and 155: Table 7 shows the projected load fa
Page 156 and 157: other investment options available
Page 158 and 159: The impurities contained in coal ar
Page 160 and 161: “ultra-supercritical” condition
Page 162 and 163: unmineable coal seams. All three pr
Page 164 and 165: Light water reactors require enrich
Page 166 and 167: concerns. Consequently, the natural
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generators and power electronics el
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conventional fossil-fired plants. B
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● ● very effective and is used
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Appendix 5 Cost Estimation Methodol
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into account in the real price of g
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● ● ● ● Factors under the c
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and small power plants. Although th
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The general approach remains useful
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Two US economic analyses of nuclear
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assume future prices follow a rando
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The effects of price risk on techno
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The option to delay is embedded in
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Appendix 7 Allocating the Costs and
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Further Fourier’s law for heat tr
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Figure A7.4 - The energy conversion
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This yields: β = 0.153 α. If α e
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It is emphasised that depending on
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1 st oil shock 2 nd oil shock Saudi
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Table A8.2 - Expected lower and upp
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Reliability in electricity systems
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is also highly dependent on the typ
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In the ILEX study 5 and in another
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an increasing share of wind is the
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able to work out the optimal operat
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Appendix 10 Impact of Carbon Emissi
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costs of generation. The introducti
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price at 3.5 €/GJ are the next fa
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Figure A10.5 - Steam coal price var
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The longer term impact on investmen
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Appendix 11 List of Main Abbreviati
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