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to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Archbishop of Canterbury, Randall Thomas Davidson, vetoed the idea because "men in public houses may listen to the ceremony with their hats on". Lady Elizabeth was styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York after their marriage. [2] The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: • Elizabeth II (born April 21, 1926) • Princess Margaret (August 21, 1930 — February 9, 2002). Reluctant king The Duke and Duchess lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly; one of the few stirs was when George V proposed that the Duke become Governor General of Canada in 1931 — a proposal which the government rejected. [3] On January 20, 1936, King George V died and Prince Edward ascended the throne as Edward VIII. As he had no children, Albert was now the heir presumptive to the throne until the unmarried Edward VIII had any legitimate children. However, Edward VIII abdicated the throne on December 11, 1936, in order to marry his love, Wallis Warfield Simpson. Thus Prince Albert, Duke of York, was now king, a position he was reluctant to accept, and due to his nervous disposition, there was some discussion to bypass him and have his brother Prince George, Duke of Kent succeed instead. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary 'When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child.' [4] Upon the abdication, on 11 December 1936, the Duke was proclaimed Sovereign, assuming the style and title King George VI to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. His first act was to confer upon his brother the title HRH The Duke of Windsor. Three days after his accession he invested the Queen with the Order of the Garter. [5] George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937—the intended date of Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the coronation as a show of support for her son. There was no durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India in the depths of the Depression. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome which the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before World War II without the strategic advantages of the North American tour which in the event was undertaken in 1939. Reign The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, who presumably had reverted to his previous title of Prince Edward. George VI decided to create Edward the Duke of Windsor. The Letters Patent creating the dukedom entitled Edward to be styled His Royal Highness, but prevented any wife and children from being similarly styled. George VI was also forced to buy the royal houses of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House from Prince Edward, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI on his accession. [6] The growing likelihood of war erupting in Europe would dominate the reign of King George VI. Initially the King and Queen took an appeasement stance against Adolf Hitler, supporting the policy of Neville Chamberlain. The King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, and invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them, sparking anger among anti-appeasement MPs including Winston Churchill. One historian went as far as to declare this "the most unconstitutional act" by a British monarch in the 20th century for its allegedly blatant partisanship. It has been theorised that the King and Queen intended to avoid war with Nazi Germany because they thought it would act as a counterweight against Russian communism. [7] In 1939, the King and Queen undertook an extensive tour of Canada from which they made a shorter visit to the United States of America. George was the first reigning monarch to visit either of these countries. The royal couple were accompanied throughout the trip to the United States by Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, and not a British minister, meaning they were present as King and Queen of Canada. [8] However, the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for Britain in any upcoming war. The King and Queen were extremely enthusiastically received by the Canadian public and the spectre of Edward VIII's charisma was comprehensively dispelled; they were also warmly received by the American people, visiting the 1939 New York World's Fair and staying at the White House with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. [9] When war broke out in 1939, George VI with his wife resolved to stay in London and not flee to Canada, as had been suggested. The King and Queen officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they often escaped to Windsor Castle to avoid bombing raids. George VI and Queen Elizabeth narrowly avoided death when a lone German bomber despatched to bomb Buckingham Palace attacked. The bomb exploded in the courtyard, shattering windows in the palace. [10] Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the UK, visiting bomb sites and munition factories. [11] It has been alleged that, contrary to how they portrayed themselves, the royal family ignored wartime rations (although their servants domiciled in the Palace were subject to them). [12] It has been suggested (see Will Swift, The Roosevelts and the Royals: Franklin and Eleanor, the King and Queen of England, and the Friendship that Changed History (John Wiley & Sons, 2004)) that a strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and President and Mrs Roosevelt during the 1939 Royal Tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and Great Britain through the war years. There may be a marginal element of validity in this view but it is largely fanciful: it has never credibly been suggested that the King took any strategic role in the War; his frequent letters to the President were mostly unanswered and it was, of course Roosevelt's relationship with Churchill that was critical. Eleanor Roosevelt took a wry view of the utility of kings and queens and the substance of George and Elizabeth ("a little self-consciously regal," was her verdict on Elizabeth). Illness The war had taken its toll on the King's health. This was exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer. [13] Increasingly his daughter Princess Elizabeth, the heiress presumptive to the throne, would take on more of the royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. On 6 February 1952, George VI died aged 56 in his sleep at Sandringham House in Norfolk. [13] He was the only British monarch of modern times whose death was not observed and whose precise moment of death was not recorded. His funeral took place on February 15, and he was buried in St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. In 2002, the body of his wife Elizabeth and the ashes of his daughter Princess Margaret were interred in a tomb alongside him. 142
Empire to Commonwealth George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the retirement of the British Empire, which had begun with the Balfour Declaration at the Imperial Conference of 1926, when the Commonwealth came into being and the old caucasian-dominated Dominions were acknowledged to have become sovereign states over a period of years previous — the declaration being formalised in the Statute of Westminster, 1931 (Imp.). [14] (Britain's brief League of Nations Mandate over Iraq ended in 1932 with Iraqi independence without membership in the as-yet ill-defined Commonwealth even being considered.) This process further accelerated after World War II. Transjordan became independent as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946, Palestine as Israel in 1947 and Burma also in 1947, all three opting out of the Commonwealth. India became an independent dominion, with George VI relinquishing the title of Emperor of India and (a) briefly remaining as King of India until that country enacted a Constitution which declared it to be a republic in 1950 (though India did elect to remain in the Commonwealth as a republic and to recognise George VI as Head of the Commonwealth, a title now incorporated into the regal style, although it is not clear whether the title is hereditary.) [15] and (b) as King of Pakistan, succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth II as Queen of Pakistan, until 1956 when Pakistan similarly enacted a Constitution declaring it to be a republic. George VI was the last King of Ireland, succeeding to that title by the enactment of the External Relations Act, 1936, until its repeal in the Republic of Ireland Act, 1948 when Ireland also left the Commonwealth. Portrayal George VI was played by Andrew Ray in the 1976 Thames Television drama about his brother, Edward and Mrs Simpson. A biographical television series, Bertie and Elizabeth, was broadcast on BBC in 2003. The series was also broadcast on PBS as a part of the Masterpiece Theater series in March 2005. Titles from birth to death 1895-1898: His Highness Prince Albert of York 1898-1901: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of York 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Cornwall and York 1901-1910: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Wales 1910-1920: His Royal Highness The Prince Albert 1920-1936: His Royal Highness The Duke of York 1936-1952: His Majesty The King (also Emperor of India until 1947) 92. Brigadier-General Sir Norman A. Orr Ewing, 4th Bart. 1937-39 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Orr-Ewing Brigadier-General Sir Norman Archibald Orr-Ewing, 4th Baronet (23 November 1880–26 March 1960) was a British baronet. On 24 July 1911, he married Laura Louisa Robarts, a granddaughter of the 8th Viscount Barrington Children: 1. Sir Ronald Archibald Orr Ewing 5th Bt., GM Scotland 1965-69 [see below] 2. Alan Lindsay Orr Ewing 3. Lt. Robert Norman Orr Ewing 4. Jean Marjorie Orr Ewing 93. Robert Arthur, Viscount Traprain, afterwards 3rd Earl of Balfour 1939-42 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Balfour%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Balfour Robert Arthur Lytton Balfour, 3rd Earl of Balfour (31 December 1902–28 November 1968) was the son of Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour. Robert was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge and on 12 February 1925, he married Jean Lily West Roundel Cooke- Yarborough and they had four children: Gerald Arthur James Balfour, 4th Earl of Balfour (1925–2003) Lady Evelyn Jean Blanche Balfour (b. 22 March 1929) Lady Alison Emily Balfour (b. 16 November 1934) Hon. Andrew Maitland Balfour (1936–1948) He rose to the rank of Lieutenant in the service of the Royal Naval Reserve and fought in the Second World War. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Balfour%2C_2nd_Earl_of_Balfour Gerald William Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour PC (9 April 1853 - 14 January 1945) was a British nobleman and Conservative politician. The fourth son of James Maitland Balfour, Whittingehame, Haddingtonshire and Lady Blanche Cecil, daughter of 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, he was educated at Eton College and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained 1st Class Honours in the Classical Tripos. In 1887 he married Lady Betty, daughter of 1st Earl of Lytton, and had one son and five daughters. He sat as Conservative Member of Parliament for Leeds Central from 1885-1906. During this time he wasa member of Commission on Labour, and Private Secretary to his brother Arthur Balfour, when he was President of the Local Government Board in 1885- 1886. He later served as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1895-1900, as President of the Board of Trade from 1900-1905 and as President of the Local Government Board from 1905-1906. On retiring from the House of Commons, he was Chairman of the Commission on Lighthouse Administration in 1908, and Chairman of the Cambridge Committee of the Commission on Oxford and Cambridge Universities. He received an Honorary LLD from Cambridge University, and was a Fellow of Trinity. He succeeded his brother Arthur Balfour to the Earldom in 1930. 94. Captain John Christie Stewart of Murdostoun 1942-45 http://www.grandlodgescotland.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=196&Itemid=138 Lodge Hamilton Kilwinning No. 7 In September 1892 Brother Major Robert King Stewart of Murdostoun, a member of No. 7, was installed as Provincial Grand Master of the Middle Ward. During his 38 years in office, 12 new Lodges were chartered and consecrated, including the revival of Lodges 440 and 471 which had been dormant. In January 1902 he was installed as Grand Junior Warden of Grand Lodge and in 143
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Antients 1775-81 and GM Scotland 17
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George MacKenzie, 3rd Earl of Croma
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modernise parts of Dean Castle and
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This epithalamium begins: 'A WEDDIN
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office, and in August 1715 he went
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I have told you already, my lord, t
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which became a reality after the dr
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property? As we detest the principl
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David Melville, 6th Earl of Leven (
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Another problem was the famine migr
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and nine string quartets. Interest
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father's title of Baron Strange (wh
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Edinburgh, joined the partnership.
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enevolent objects a degree of time
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for the equalization of arrestments
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the 53rd, and he commanded the ligh
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thought the council had adopted an
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deluded Canadian peasants. To ensur
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difficulty, Wellington obtained the
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