Sex, Gender, Becoming - PULP

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124 Christo Venter, Mac Mashiri, Denise Buiten • Design and promotion of appropriate and sustainable technologies such as IMTs that can meet women’s transport and access needs. Researching and considering the role of cultural practices and beliefs are also important steps towards the design of appropriate transport interventions. The importance of this has been identified as being two-pronged: • Locally specific cultural practices and beliefs inform the allocation of roles, status, power, and resources within households and communities. Thus, knowledge of cultural practices and beliefs is essential for understanding the gendered ways in which households and communities function and thus for identifying various transport needs through a gender-sensitive lens. For this to be achieved, meaningful involvement and participation of women in the planning of transport initiatives is critical. 27 • Cultural practices and beliefs affect the success of transport interventions. For example, the benefits for women through the introduction of IMTs will be influenced by whether or not those forms of transport are considered appropriate for women, and by the gendered control over and access to such resources. 28 The diversity of circumstances, practices and beliefs impacting on the success of gender sensitive interventions in rural areas also underscores the need for a better understanding of gender issues in more urbanised communities. 3. Towards appropriate gender-analysis frameworks for rural and urban transport 3.1 Choosing a gender analysis framework for the transport sector The frameworks reviewed here for application in the transport sector draw largely from a development and poverty alleviation base. Thus, these frameworks are intended to be applied in programmes, policies and initiatives involving low-income communities in both urban and rural contexts. Of course, spatial location — particularly in South Africa, where the effects of systematic and spatially designed exclusion are still visibly present — plays an important role in the 27 Grieco & Turner (n 3 above); Mahapa (n 2 above); Maramba & Bamberger (n 3 above); Turner & Fouracre (n 11 above). 28 S Agarwal et al ‘Bearing the weight: The Kayayoo, Ghana’s working girl child’ in Proceedings of the UNICEF Conference: “The Girl Child” (1994) 1; Maramba & Bamberger (n 3 above) 2; J A Mwankusye ‘Do intermediate means of transport reach rural women?’ in Fernando & Porter (eds) (n 11 above) 48; Mashiri & Mahapa (n 11 above).
engendering mobility 125 socio-economic character of a community. These spatial dynamics would need to be accounted for and integrated in the application of any gender analysis framework. A number of gender analysis frameworks have been developed for and applied in the development field. Some of the most well known ones are the Harvard Framework, 29 the Gender Analysis Matrix, 30 the Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis Framework 31 , and Longwe’s Women’s Empowerment Framework. 32 The frameworks vary in their philosophical approach, scope of analysis, and the specific tools they employ for data collection and representation. The chapter does not provide an exhaustive description or comparison of the available frameworks; other authors have done this well. 33 Rather it focuses on a single framework that seems best suited to analyse the problems and needs surrounding mobility and access, and in which the language is accessible to planners. It is also flexible enough to be applied at multiple levels of analysis, from regional or metropolitan planning and policy formulation, through to designing and monitoring transport interventions at the community level. Despite the appeal of the Moser framework on these grounds, it is not necessarily the best under all circumstances. Other approaches such as the Social Relations Approach 34 may, for instance, be better for performing gender analysis of transport institutions, while aspects of the Gender Analysis Matrix approach may be more powerful in supporting transformative community-based development work. The reader is encouraged to test and adapt or replace the proposed framework as needed. 3.2 The Moser framework: An introduction The Women in Development (WID) approach, born in the 1970’s, promoted the separate treatment of ‘women’s issues’. 35 In reaction, the Gender and Development (GAD) approach challenged many of the assumptions behind the WID approach, and argued for an integrated perspective and approach to gender issues in planning. One of the key elements of this was to argue for a closer look at gender relations, as opposed to concentrating research and analysis on ‘women’s issues’, recognising that gendered living involves a series of relationships and, 29 C Overholt et al Gender roles in development projects: A case book (1985). 30 AR Parker Another point of view: A manual on gender analysis training for grassroots workers (1993). 31 MB Anderson & PJ Woodrow Rising from the ashes: Development strategies in times of disaster (1989). 32 S Williams Oxfam gender training manual (1995). 33 For example C March et al (eds) A guide to gender-analysis frameworks (1999). 34 N Kabeer Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought (1994). 35 March et al (n 33 above).
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Sex, Gender, Becoming Post Aparthei
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Contents Acknowledgments V Introduc
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Acknowledgments This book is an ini
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viii kARIN VAN MARLE Spaces of refu
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x kARIN VAN MARLE Following Arendt
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xii kARIN VAN MARLE the feminine as
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xiv kARIN VAN MARLE was seen in the
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2 Amanda du Preez Transsexuality re
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4 Amanda du Preez It should be note
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6 Amanda du Preez of transsexuality
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8 Amanda du Preez categories almost
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10 Amanda du Preez Another limitati
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12 Amanda du Preez presented must a
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14 Amanda du Preez transsexuality f
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16 Amanda du Preez If there is any
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18 Amanda du Preez words, to the de
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20 Rory du Plessis repeating, in th
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22 Rory du Plessis Artist: Steven C
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28 Rory du Plessis Sedgwick 36 furt
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30 Rory du Plessis Munoz’ stateme
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32 Rory du Plessis poses also such
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34 Rory du Plessis social necessity
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36 Rory du Plessis system of fixed,
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38 Rory du Plessis into the audienc
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40 Rory du Plessis to constantly re
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42 stella viljoen Figure 1: GQ Cove
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44 stella viljoen to be more overtl
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48 stella viljoen Figure 3: Man’s
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56 stella viljoen Figure 6: Man Ray
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58 stella viljoen Figure 7: She’s
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60 stella viljoen there is still a
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62 Jeanne van Eeden to offer a new
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64 Jeanne van Eeden The investigati
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66 Jeanne van Eeden and its dominan
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68 Jeanne van Eeden way to a sedent
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70 Jeanne van Eeden feminine, while
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72 Jeanne van Eeden space of the de
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Page 102 and 103: 88 Jeanne van Eeden the domestic sp
Page 104 and 105: 90 Jeanne van Eeden The gendered se
Page 107 and 108: Five / Agency amidst adversity: Pov
Page 109 and 110: Agency amidst adversity: poverty an
Page 129: Agency amidst adversity: poverty an
Page 132 and 133: 118 Christo Venter, Mac Mashiri, De
Page 156 and 157: 142 Jean Triegaardt and Mike Batley
Page 167 and 168: Eight / tini’s testimony: the sig
Page 169 and 170: tini’s testimony 155 Stech had be
Page 171 and 172: tini’s testimony 157 how they end
Page 173 and 174: tini’s testimony 159 consequences
Page 175 and 176: tini’s testimony 161 year, almost
Page 177 and 178: tini’s testimony 163 to keep up t
Page 179 and 180: tini’s testimony 165 Alan Kirkald
Page 181 and 182: tini’s testimony 167 the girdle,
Page 183 and 184: sources Archival sources Berliner M
Page 185 and 186: sources 171 Batley, M ‘Restorativ
Page 187 and 188: sources 173 Buck-Morss, S (ed) (198
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sources 175 Crang, M (1998) Cultura
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sources 177 Emmison, M & Smith, P (
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sources 179 Poverty (HABITAT): “G
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sources 181 Kleeblatt, NL ‘The bo
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sources 183 Conference on Justice w
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sources 185 Overholt, C; Anderson,
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sources 187 Senft, TM ‘Introducti
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sources 189 Ushedo, BO ‘Unloading
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contributors Batley, Restorative Ju
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Index A access to employment 117 ac
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Index 195 E economic insecurity 93,
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Index 197 I identity 2, 3, 9, 15, 1
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Index 199 O objectification 41, 43,
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Index 201 South Africa 17, 19, 25,
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Index 203 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
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