Sex, Gender, Becoming - PULP

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130 Christo Venter, Mac Mashiri, Denise Buiten BOX 1 EXAMPLE: ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION Recent household interview data from the eThekwini Metropolitan Area was used to examine gender differences in the activities attended and trips made across 600 households in different areas of the city of Durban (see Venter and Vokolkova, 2004). All households had low incomes, and lived in subsidised housing. The graph below shows differences in the activity rates for male and femaleheaded households in four localities spread across the city, from rural (i.e. most distant) through peri-urban and peripheral (on the edge of the urbanised area), to urban core localities (located next to the Durban CBD). The graph not only confirms that, overall, significant differences exist between households headed by women as compared to men; but also that these differences correlate to a large degree with where the household is located within the city. In the most rural localities, female-headed households appear to be less mobile overall (on a per person basis) than male-headed households, while the opposite trend is observed in the more urban localities. This could be an indication of the relatively higher access and employment available closer to the inner city, which allows all households — and women in particular — to satisfy more of their out-of-home activity needs. It is also evident that female-headed households tend to undertake a slightly different mix of activities: work activities are undertaken less frequently; shopping activities about as frequently; and school, services (including access to health care and pension pay-outs) and social/recreational activities more frequently than in male-headed households. This is so regardless of their location, indicating perhaps the strong effect of gender divisions of labour across a range of urban communities. Households headed by women also tended to have more children and elderly members (explaining the higher number of school and social service trips). Additional qualitative investigations could help to explore the reasons for these differences better.
engendering mobility 131 3.4 Moser framework tool two: gender needs assessment This tool leads from and builds on Maxine Molyneux’s concept of women’s gender interests. 41 The idea behind this concept is that women have specific interests, not only because of their triple work role (as described above) but because of their subordinate position in relation to men. Moser distinguishes between practical and strategic gender needs. Practical needs refer to those needs that, if they were met, would improve some immediately perceived situation such as housing or water provision, without challenging women’s subordinate position in society. Strategic needs, on the other hand, relate to equalising the existing relationships of power between men and women, and would involve changing gender divisions of labour, power or control. Some examples of each are tabulated below. Practical gender needs Water & fuel wood provision Provision of contraceptives & antenatal care Access to inputs for cultivation Opportunities for earning an income to provide for households Strategic gender needs Challenges to the gendered division of labour Empowerment of women to have a choice over child bearing & sexual behaviour Collective organisation Challenges to women’s subordinate position within the household As is indicated in the table above, this tool encourages planners to move beyond the provision of services and infrastructure that meet women’s immediate needs, towards the strengthening of women’s position in society. In other words, the approach takes into account the reasons, and not just the symptoms, of women’s subordinate positions and associated levels of poverty. In terms of transport and mobility issues, three key elements of this tool can be emphasised. Firstly, the need to look at travel needs or interests, and not just travel patterns, is highlighted when considering strategic gender needs. For example, access to fuel wood and water for rural woman could be supplemented with initiatives that aim to facilitate access to socio-economic opportunities. Provision of improved non-motorised transport options could help alleviate a woman’s domestic burden — thus meeting a practical need 41 M Molyneux ‘Mobilisation without emancipation? Women’s interests, states and revolution in Nicaragua’ (1985) Feminist Studies 11.
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Sex, Gender, Becoming Post Aparthei
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Contents Acknowledgments V Introduc
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Acknowledgments This book is an ini
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viii kARIN VAN MARLE Spaces of refu
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x kARIN VAN MARLE Following Arendt
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xii kARIN VAN MARLE the feminine as
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xiv kARIN VAN MARLE was seen in the
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2 Amanda du Preez Transsexuality re
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16 Amanda du Preez If there is any
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22 Rory du Plessis Artist: Steven C
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Page 107 and 108: Five / Agency amidst adversity: Pov
Page 109 and 110: Agency amidst adversity: poverty an
Page 129: Agency amidst adversity: poverty an
Page 132 and 133: 118 Christo Venter, Mac Mashiri, De
Page 156 and 157: 142 Jean Triegaardt and Mike Batley
Page 167 and 168: Eight / tini’s testimony: the sig
Page 169 and 170: tini’s testimony 155 Stech had be
Page 171 and 172: tini’s testimony 157 how they end
Page 173 and 174: tini’s testimony 159 consequences
Page 175 and 176: tini’s testimony 161 year, almost
Page 177 and 178: tini’s testimony 163 to keep up t
Page 179 and 180: tini’s testimony 165 Alan Kirkald
Page 181 and 182: tini’s testimony 167 the girdle,
Page 183 and 184: sources Archival sources Berliner M
Page 185 and 186: sources 171 Batley, M ‘Restorativ
Page 187 and 188: sources 173 Buck-Morss, S (ed) (198
Page 189 and 190: sources 175 Crang, M (1998) Cultura
Page 191 and 192: sources 177 Emmison, M & Smith, P (
Page 193 and 194: sources 179 Poverty (HABITAT): “G
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sources 181 Kleeblatt, NL ‘The bo
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sources 183 Conference on Justice w
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sources 185 Overholt, C; Anderson,
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sources 187 Senft, TM ‘Introducti
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sources 189 Ushedo, BO ‘Unloading
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contributors Batley, Restorative Ju
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Index A access to employment 117 ac
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Index 195 E economic insecurity 93,
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Index 197 I identity 2, 3, 9, 15, 1
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Index 199 O objectification 41, 43,
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Index 201 South Africa 17, 19, 25,
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Index 203 120, 121, 122, 123, 124,
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