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Table 10. Structure of merchandise exports 192 Fuels, minerals, and metals ! Other primary commodities ! Textiles and clothing ! Machinery and transport equipment E Other manufactures Table 11. Structure of merchandise imports 194 Food D Fuels 'I Other primary commodities ! Machinery and transport equipment ! Other manufactures Table 12. Origin and destination of merchandise exports 196 Industrial market economies ! East European nonmarket economies C High-income oil exporters ! Developing economies Table 13. Origin and destination of manufactured exports 198 Industrial market economies ! East European nonmarket economies ! High-income oil exporters ! Developing economies ! Value of manufactured exports Table 14. Balance of payments and reserves 200 Current account balance ! Receipts of workers' remittances ! Net direct private investment E Gross international reserves'- in months of import coverage Table 15. Flow of public and publicly guaranteed external capital 202 Gross inflow of public and publicly guaranteed medium- and long-term loans !l Repayment of principal ! Net inflow of public and publicly guaranteed medium- and long-term loans Table 16. External public debt and debt service ratios 204 External public debt outstanding and disbursed ! as percentage of GNP ! Interest payments on external public debt ! Debt service as percentage of GNP ! of exports of goods and services Table 17. Terms of public borrowing 206 Commitments ! Average interest rate!] Average maturity ! Average grace period Table 18. Official development assistance from OECD and OPEC members 208 Amount in dollars E as percentage of donor GNP!3 in national currencies ! Net bilateral flow to low-income economies Table 19. Population growth and projections 210 Population growth ! Population size ! Hypothetical size of stationary population ! Assumed year of reaching net reproduction rate of 1 !i Population momentum Table 20. Demographic and fertility-related indicators 212 Crude birth rate E Crude death rate ! Total fertility rate ! Percentage of married women using contraception 166
Table 21. Labor force 214 Population of working age 3 Labor force in agriculture 3 in industry 3 in services 3 Growth of labor force, past and projected Table 22. Urbanization 216 Urban population as percentage of total population 3 Growth of urban population E Percentage in largest city 3 in cities of over 500,000 persons 3 Number of cities of over 500,000 persons Table 23. Indicators related to life expectancy 218 Life expectancy 3 Infant mortality rate 3 Child death rate Table 24. Health-related indicators 220 Population per physician 3 per nursing person 3 Daily calorie supply per capita Table 25. Education 222 Number enrolled as percentage of age group 3 in primary school 3 in secondary school c in higher education Table 26. Central government expenditure 224 Defense 3 Education 3 Health c Housing and community amenities; social security and welfare 3 Economic services 3 Other 3 Total expenditure as percentage of GNP 3 Overall surplus/deficit as percentage of GNP Table 27. Central government current revenue 226 Tax revenue c Current nontax revenue 3 Total current revenue as percentage of GNP Table 28. Income distribution 228 Percentage share of household income, by percentile groups of households Technical notes 230 Bibliography of data sources 243 167
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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World Development Report 1985 Publi
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Foreword This is the eighth World D
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Contents Definitions and data notes
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A.4 Population and composition of G
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Definitions and data notes Capital
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culated without making deductions f
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Part I Overview and Historical Pers
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Figure 1.2 Trends in selected debt
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countries depend on three variables
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ties includes many countries in Lat
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intermediation of the World Bank an
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In dealing with all these issues, t
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tury. By contrast, net capital infl
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tees on terms that seldom preserved
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mid-1960s and France a few years la
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Table 2.2 (continued) Country group
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Table 2.3 Net resource receipts of
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anking assets and liabilities. They
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Box 2.3 How inflation affects loan
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Box 2.4 The changing nature of debt
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agreement has been reached with Ecu
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Part II Role of Economic Policies 3
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Table 3.1 Current account balances
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eceipts minus social security outla
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expected to be high-a view consiste
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story. Difficulties had started ear
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Box 3.4 The costs of protecting sug
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4 Foreign borrowing and developing-
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World Development Indicators, Table
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Box 4.1 The debt cycle hypothesis A
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guarantee that enough foreign excha
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Figure 4.5 Borrowing and growth in
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Box 4.4 Guidelines for borrowing De
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have been forced to reschedule thei
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happened to different developing co
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Figure 4.6 Change in investment, sa
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Figure 4.7 The composition of credi
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tion started increasing consumer su
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Box 4.6 Capital flight in the South
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and tighter fiscal and monetary pol
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Export Rehabilitation Program to pr
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5 Managing foreign finance The prev
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Box 5.2 Integrated debt management:
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vate borrowing more carefully. In M
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available to the country. Some tech
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The maturity structure of debt earl
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developing countries greatly. For e
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help to develop debt management sys
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Part III Mechanisms for Internation
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Box 6.1 The growth and distribution
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Box 6.2 The deployment of the OPEC
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Box 6.3 The international interbank
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investment grew steadily for much o
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"graduation" of some developing cou
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Figure 7.1 Net receipts of official
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issue is the right balance between
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tive performance of different count
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tion of aid directly supports priva
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happened in the absence of aid. Two
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gram. This involves close collabora
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Box 7.8 Aid coordination Aid coordi
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Figure 8.1 Net position of developi
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Box 8.2 Arab banks and internationa
Page 129 and 130: default clauses would ensure that a
Page 131 and 132: perceived creditworthiness of devel
Page 133 and 134: Debt rescheduling and the banks Ban
Page 135 and 136: Box 8.7 Increasing the flexibility
Page 137 and 138: Box 8.9 World Bank cofinancing The
Page 139 and 140: 9 Direct and portfolio investment T
Page 141 and 142: Box 9.1 Direct foreign investment i
Page 143 and 144: however, there has been a positive
Page 145 and 146: By contrast, some of the newly indu
Page 147 and 148: ecognition of the relevance of this
Page 149 and 150: Table 9.2 Return on investment in e
Page 151 and 152: Part IV Perspectives and Policies f
Page 153 and 154: ently estimated at slightly more th
Page 155 and 156: mies would continue to grow faster
Page 157 and 158: Middle-income countries Major expor
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.6 Net financing flows to d
Page 161 and 162: cies and performance against the me
Page 163 and 164: Table A.3 GDP, 1980, and growth rat
Page 165 and 166: Table A.7 Consumption, savings, and
Page 167 and 168: Table A.9 Change in export prices a
Page 169 and 170: Table A.12 Composition of debt outs
Page 171 and 172: problems in the Latin American coun
Page 173 and 174: Interbank Market: A Descriptive Stu
Page 175: Diversification in the Nineteenth C
Page 179: Contents Key 168 Introduction 169 M
Page 183 and 184: Introduction The World Development
Page 185 and 186: that it is a weighted average; the
Page 187 and 188: Life expectancy The map classifies
Page 189 and 190: GNP per capital Life Area Average a
Page 191 and 192: Average annual growth rate (percent
Page 193 and 194: GDP' Distribution of gross domestic
Page 195 and 196: Average annual growth rate (percent
Page 197 and 198: Distribution of gross domestic prod
Page 199 and 200: Value added Food aid Fertilizer con
Page 201 and 202: Distribution of manufacturing value
Page 203 and 204: Energy consumption Average annual e
Page 205 and 206: Merchandise trade Average annual gr
Page 207 and 208: Percentage share of merchandise exp
Page 209 and 210: Percentage share of merchandise imp
Page 211 and 212: Destination of merchandise exports
Page 213 and 214: Destination of manuiactu red export
Page 215 and 216: Receipts Gross international reserv
Page 217 and 218: Public and publicly guaranteed medi
Page 219 and 220: External public debt Interest payme
Page 221 and 222: Average interest Average Average Co
Page 223 and 224: OPEC Amount 1975 1976 1977 1978 197
Page 225 and 226: Average annual growth Hypothetical
Page 227 and 228: Crude Crude Percentage Percentage o
Page 229 and 230: Percentage of population of Pretgof
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Urban population Percentage of urba
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Life expectancy at Iniant birth (ye
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Daily calorie supply Population per
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Number Number enrolled in enrolled
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Percentage of total expenditure Hou
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Percentage of total current revenue
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Percentage share of household incom
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appropriateness of the exchange rat
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and electricity, water, and gas. Al
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import unit value index, this indic
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The summary measures in this table
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Data are mainly derived from the Wo
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and other training institutions by
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Devlelopment Report 1985 focu
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