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centile groups of households ranked by total nationwide estimates of income distribution. household income. The distributions cove:r rural Thus, although the estimates shown are considand urban areas and refer to different years ered the best available, they do not avoid all these between 1967 and 1982. problems and should be interpreted with extreme The data for income distribution are drawn from caution. a variety of sources including Economic and Social The scope of the indicator is similarly limited. Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Because households varv in size, a distribution in Economic Commission for Latin America and the which households are ranked according to per cap- Caribbean (ECLAC), International Labour Organi- ita household income, rather than according to sation (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Co- total household income is superior for many puroperation and Development (OECD), the 'World poses. The distinction is important because house- Bank, national sources, the UN Survey of National holds with low per capita incomes frequently are Sources of Income Distribution Statistics, 1981, and large households, whose total income may be relamore recent UN data. tively high. And conversely, many households Because the collection of data on income distri- with low household incomes may be small housebution has not been systematically organized and holds with relatively high per capita incomes. integrated with the official statistical system in Information on the distribution of per capita many countries, estimates were typically derived household income exists, however, for only a few from surveys designed for other purposes, most countries. The World Bank's Living Standards often consumer expenditure surveys, which also Measurement Study is developing procedures and collect some information on income. These sur- applications that can assist countries to improve veys use a variety of income concepts and sample their collection and analysis of data on income disdesigns. Furthermore, the coverage of many of tribution. these surveys is too limited to provide reliable 242
Bibliography of data sources National International Monetary Fund. 1974. Draft Manual on Government Finance Statistics. accounts and Washington, D.C. economic . 1983. Govermment Finance Statistics Yearbook. Vol. VII. Washington, D.C. indicators Sawyer, Malcolm. 1976. Income Distribution in OECD Countries. OECD Occasional Studies. Paris. UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Various years. Statistical Yearbook. New York. 1968. A System of National Accounts. New York. 1981. A Survey of National Sources of Income Distribution Statistics. Statistical Papers, Series M, no. 72. New York. FAO, IMF, and UNIDO data files. National sources. World Bank country documentation. World Bank data files. Energy UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Various years. World Energy Supplies. Statistical Papers, Series J. New York. World Bank data files. Trade International Monetary Fund. Various years. Direction of Trade. Washington, D.C. -Various years. International Financial Statistics. Washington, D.C. UN Conference on Trade and Development. Various years. Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics. Geneva. UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Various years. Monthly Bulletin of Statistics. New York. - Various years. Yearbook-of International Trade Statistics. New York. United Nations trade tapes. World Bank country documentation. Balance of International Monetary Fund. 1977. Balance of Payments Manual, 4th ed. Washington, D.C. payments, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Various years. Development capital flows, Co-operation. Paris. and debt IMF balance of payments data files. World Bank Debtor Reporting System. Labor force International Labour Organisation. 1977. Labour Force Estimates and Projections, 1950-2000, 2nd ed. Geneva. International Labour Organisation tapes. World Bank data files. Population Social indicators Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat). 1984. Demographic Statistics. Luxembourg. UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Various years. Demographic Yearbook. New York. -Various years. Population and Vital Statistics Report. New York. -1980. Patterns of Urban and Rural Population Growth. New York. . 1982. "Infant Mortality: World Estimates and Projections, 1950-2025." Population Bulletin of the United Nations, no. 14. New York. - Updated printout. World Population Prospects as Assessed in 1982. New York. - 1983. World Population Trends and Policies: 1983 Monitoring Report. New York. -. 1984. Recent Levels and Trends of Contraceptive Use as Assessed in 1983. New York. .1985. Estimates and Projection of Urban, Rural and City Populations, 1950-2025; The 1982 Assessment. New York. US Bureau of the Census. 1983. World Population: 1983. Washington, D.C. World Bank data files. Food and Agriculture Organization. October 1980; October 1984. Food Aid Bulletin. Rome. . 1983. Fertilizer Yearbook. Rome. - 1983. Production Yearbook. "Standard" Computer Tape. -. 1983. Trade Yearbook." Standard" Computer Tape. UN Department of International Economic and Social Affairs. Various years. Demographic Yearbook. New York. - Various years. Statistical Yearbook. New York. UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Various years. Statistical Yearbook. Paris. World Health Organization. Various years. World Health Statistics Annual. Geneva. . 1976. World Health Statistics Report, vol. 29, no. 10. Geneva. World Bank data files. 243
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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World Development Report 1985 Publi
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Foreword This is the eighth World D
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Contents Definitions and data notes
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A.4 Population and composition of G
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Definitions and data notes Capital
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culated without making deductions f
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Part I Overview and Historical Pers
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Figure 1.2 Trends in selected debt
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countries depend on three variables
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ties includes many countries in Lat
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intermediation of the World Bank an
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In dealing with all these issues, t
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tury. By contrast, net capital infl
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tees on terms that seldom preserved
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mid-1960s and France a few years la
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Table 2.2 (continued) Country group
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Table 2.3 Net resource receipts of
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anking assets and liabilities. They
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Box 2.3 How inflation affects loan
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Box 2.4 The changing nature of debt
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agreement has been reached with Ecu
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Part II Role of Economic Policies 3
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Table 3.1 Current account balances
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eceipts minus social security outla
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expected to be high-a view consiste
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story. Difficulties had started ear
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Box 3.4 The costs of protecting sug
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4 Foreign borrowing and developing-
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World Development Indicators, Table
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Box 4.1 The debt cycle hypothesis A
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guarantee that enough foreign excha
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Figure 4.5 Borrowing and growth in
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Box 4.4 Guidelines for borrowing De
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have been forced to reschedule thei
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happened to different developing co
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Figure 4.6 Change in investment, sa
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Figure 4.7 The composition of credi
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tion started increasing consumer su
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Box 4.6 Capital flight in the South
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and tighter fiscal and monetary pol
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Export Rehabilitation Program to pr
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5 Managing foreign finance The prev
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Box 5.2 Integrated debt management:
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vate borrowing more carefully. In M
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available to the country. Some tech
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The maturity structure of debt earl
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developing countries greatly. For e
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help to develop debt management sys
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Part III Mechanisms for Internation
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Box 6.1 The growth and distribution
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Box 6.2 The deployment of the OPEC
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Box 6.3 The international interbank
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investment grew steadily for much o
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"graduation" of some developing cou
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Figure 7.1 Net receipts of official
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issue is the right balance between
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tive performance of different count
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tion of aid directly supports priva
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happened in the absence of aid. Two
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gram. This involves close collabora
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Box 7.8 Aid coordination Aid coordi
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Figure 8.1 Net position of developi
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Box 8.2 Arab banks and internationa
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default clauses would ensure that a
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perceived creditworthiness of devel
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Debt rescheduling and the banks Ban
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Box 8.7 Increasing the flexibility
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Box 8.9 World Bank cofinancing The
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9 Direct and portfolio investment T
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Box 9.1 Direct foreign investment i
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however, there has been a positive
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By contrast, some of the newly indu
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ecognition of the relevance of this
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Table 9.2 Return on investment in e
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Part IV Perspectives and Policies f
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ently estimated at slightly more th
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mies would continue to grow faster
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Middle-income countries Major expor
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Table 10.6 Net financing flows to d
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cies and performance against the me
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Table A.3 GDP, 1980, and growth rat
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Table A.7 Consumption, savings, and
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Table A.9 Change in export prices a
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Table A.12 Composition of debt outs
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problems in the Latin American coun
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Interbank Market: A Descriptive Stu
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Diversification in the Nineteenth C
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Contents Key 168 Introduction 169 M
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Table 21. Labor force 214 Populatio
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Introduction The World Development
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that it is a weighted average; the
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Life expectancy The map classifies
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GNP per capital Life Area Average a
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Average annual growth rate (percent
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GDP' Distribution of gross domestic
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Average annual growth rate (percent
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Distribution of gross domestic prod
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Value added Food aid Fertilizer con
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Distribution of manufacturing value
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Energy consumption Average annual e
Page 205 and 206: Merchandise trade Average annual gr
Page 207 and 208: Percentage share of merchandise exp
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Page 213 and 214: Destination of manuiactu red export
Page 215 and 216: Receipts Gross international reserv
Page 217 and 218: Public and publicly guaranteed medi
Page 219 and 220: External public debt Interest payme
Page 221 and 222: Average interest Average Average Co
Page 223 and 224: OPEC Amount 1975 1976 1977 1978 197
Page 225 and 226: Average annual growth Hypothetical
Page 227 and 228: Crude Crude Percentage Percentage o
Page 229 and 230: Percentage of population of Pretgof
Page 231 and 232: Urban population Percentage of urba
Page 233 and 234: Life expectancy at Iniant birth (ye
Page 235 and 236: Daily calorie supply Population per
Page 237 and 238: Number Number enrolled in enrolled
Page 239 and 240: Percentage of total expenditure Hou
Page 241 and 242: Percentage of total current revenue
Page 243 and 244: Percentage share of household incom
Page 245 and 246: appropriateness of the exchange rat
Page 247 and 248: and electricity, water, and gas. Al
Page 249 and 250: import unit value index, this indic
Page 251 and 252: The summary measures in this table
Page 253 and 254: Data are mainly derived from the Wo
Page 255: and other training institutions by
Page 260: World Devlelopment Report 1985 focu
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