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Key In each table, economies are listed in their Figures in the colored bands are . Not available. group in ascending order of GNP per cap- summary measures for groups of ita except for those for which no GNP per economies. The letter w after a (.) Less than half the unit shown. capita can be calculated. These are listed in summary measure indicates that it is All growth rates are in real terms. alphabetical order, in italics, at the end of a weighted average; the letter m, their group. The reference numbers below that it is a median value; Figures in italics are for years or periods reflect the order in the tables. the letter t, that it is a total. other than those specified. Afghanistan 29 Honduras 45 Panama 80 Albania 120 Hong Kong 90 Papua New Guinea 51 Algeria 83 Hungary 119 Paraguay 65 Angola 68 India 14 Peru 58 Argentina 79 Indonesia 43 Philippines 52 Australia 112 Iran, Islamic Republic of 93 Poland 124 Austria 106 Iraq 94 Portugal 81 Bangladesh 2 Ireland 101 Romania 125 Belgium 104 Israel 89 Rwanda 15 Benin 18 Italy 102 Saudi Arabia 97 Bhutan 30 Ivory Coast 48 Senegal 36 Bolivia 40 Jamaica 63 Sierra Leone 24 Brazil 77 Japan 108 Singapore 91 Bulgaria 121 Jordan 73 Somalia 13 Burkina 6 Kampuchea, Democratic 32 South Africa 84 Burma 7 Kenya 26 Spain 100 Burundi 10 Korea, Democratic People's Sri Lanka 25 Cameroon 54 Republic of 70 Sudan 28 Canada 114 Korea, Republic of 78 Sweden 115 Central African Republic 16 Kuwait 98 Switzerland 118 Chad 31 Lao People's Democratic Republic 33 Syrian Arab Republic 74 Chile 76 Lebanon 71 Tanzania 12 China 19 Lesotho 37 Thailand 55 Colombia 67 Liberia 38 Togo 17 Congo, People's Republic of the 60 Libya 96 Trinidad and Tobago 92 Costa Rica 57 Madagascar 23 Tunisia 62 Cuba 69 Malawi 8 Turkey 61 Czechoslovakia 122 Malaysia 75 Uganda 9 Denmark 113 Mali 3 Union of Soviet Socialist Dominican Republic 64 Mauritania 39 Republics 126 Ecuador 66 Mexico 82 United Arab Emirates 99 Egypt, Arab Republic of 46 Mongolia 72 United Kingdom 105 El Salvador 47 Morocco 50 United States 117 Ethiopia 1 Mozambique 34 Uruguay 85 Finland 110 Nepal 4 Venezuela 87 France 109 Netherlands 107 Viet Nam 35 German Democratic Republic 123 New Zealand 103 Yemen Arab Republic 42 Germany, Federal Republic of 111 Nicaragua 56 Yemen, People's Democratic Ghana 22 Niger 11 Republic of 41 Greece 88 Nigeria 53 Yugoslavia 86 Guatemala 59 Norway 116 Zaire 5 Guinea 20 Oman 95 Zambia 44 Haiti 21 Pakistan 27 Zimbabwe 49 168
Introduction The World Development Indicators provide infor- 1965-73 and 1973-83, or 1965-82 if data for 1983 mation on the main features of social and eco- were not available. All growth rates are in constant nomic development. Most of the data collected by prices and were computed, unless noted otherthe World Bank are on its developing member wise, by using the least-squares method. Because countries. Because comparable data for developed this method takes all observations in a period into market economies are readily available, these are account, the resulting growth rates reflect general also included in the indicators. Data for nonmarket trends that are not unduly influenced by excepeconomies, a few of which are members of the tional values. Table entries in italics indicate that World Bank, are included if available in a compara- they are for years or periods other than those specble form. ified. All dollar figures are US dollars. The various Every effort has been made to standardize the methods used for converting from national curdata. However, full comparability cannot be rency figures are described, where appropriate, in ensured and care must be taken in interpreting the the technical notes. indicators. The statistics are drawn from sources Some of the differences between figures shown thought to be most authoritative but many of them in this year's and last year's editions reflect not are subject to considerable margins of error. Varia- only updating but also revisions to historical tions in national statistical practices also reduce the series. comparability of data which should thus be con- As in the World Development Report itself, the strued only as indicating trends and characterizing economies included in the World Development major differences among economies, rather than Indicators are grouped into several major categotaken as precise quantitative indications of those ries. These groupings are analytically useful in disdifferences. tinguishing economies at different stages of devel- The indicators in Table 1 give a summary profile opment. Many of the economies included are of economies. Data in the other tables fall into the further classified by dominant characteristics-to following broad areas: national accounts, agricul- distinguish oil importers and exporters and to disture, industry, energy, external trade, external tinguish industrial market from industrial nonmardebt, aid flows, other external transactions, ket economies. The major groups used in the demography, labor force, urbanization, social indi- tables are 35 low-income developing economies cators, central government finances and income with a per capita income of less than $400 in 1983, distribution. The table on central government 59 middle-income developing economies with a expenditure is an expanded version of an earlier per capita income of $400 or more, 5 high-income table, and is complemented by a table on central oil exporters, 19 industrial market economies, and government current revenue. 8 East European nonmarket economies. Note that The national accounts data are obtained from because of the paucity of data and differences in member governments by Bank missions and are, the method for computing national income, as well in some instances, adjusted to conform with inter- as difficulties of conversion, estimates of GNP per national definitions and concepts and to ensure capita are not generally available for nonmarket consistency. Data on external debt are reported to economies. the Bank by member countries through the Debtor The format of this edition generally follows that Reporting System. Other data sets are drawn from used in previous years. In each group, economies the International Monetary Fund, the United are listed in ascending order of income per capita Nations and specialized agencies. except for economies for which no GNP per capita For ease of reference, ratios and rates of growth figure can be calculated. These economies are are shown; absolute values are reported only in a listed in italics in alphabetical order at the end of few instances. This year's edition presents new the appropriate income groups. This order is used periods for the ratios and rates in growth. Most in all tables. The alphabetical list in the key shows growth rates were calculated for two periods: the reference number of each economy; italics indi- 169
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public
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World Development Report 1985 Publi
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Foreword This is the eighth World D
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Contents Definitions and data notes
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A.4 Population and composition of G
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Definitions and data notes Capital
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culated without making deductions f
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Part I Overview and Historical Pers
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Figure 1.2 Trends in selected debt
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countries depend on three variables
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ties includes many countries in Lat
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intermediation of the World Bank an
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In dealing with all these issues, t
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tury. By contrast, net capital infl
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tees on terms that seldom preserved
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mid-1960s and France a few years la
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Table 2.2 (continued) Country group
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Table 2.3 Net resource receipts of
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anking assets and liabilities. They
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Box 2.3 How inflation affects loan
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Box 2.4 The changing nature of debt
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agreement has been reached with Ecu
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Part II Role of Economic Policies 3
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Table 3.1 Current account balances
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eceipts minus social security outla
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expected to be high-a view consiste
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story. Difficulties had started ear
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Box 3.4 The costs of protecting sug
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4 Foreign borrowing and developing-
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World Development Indicators, Table
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Box 4.1 The debt cycle hypothesis A
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guarantee that enough foreign excha
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Figure 4.5 Borrowing and growth in
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Box 4.4 Guidelines for borrowing De
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have been forced to reschedule thei
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happened to different developing co
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Figure 4.6 Change in investment, sa
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Figure 4.7 The composition of credi
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tion started increasing consumer su
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Box 4.6 Capital flight in the South
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and tighter fiscal and monetary pol
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Export Rehabilitation Program to pr
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5 Managing foreign finance The prev
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Box 5.2 Integrated debt management:
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vate borrowing more carefully. In M
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available to the country. Some tech
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The maturity structure of debt earl
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developing countries greatly. For e
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help to develop debt management sys
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Part III Mechanisms for Internation
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Box 6.1 The growth and distribution
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Box 6.2 The deployment of the OPEC
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Box 6.3 The international interbank
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investment grew steadily for much o
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"graduation" of some developing cou
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Figure 7.1 Net receipts of official
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issue is the right balance between
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tive performance of different count
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tion of aid directly supports priva
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happened in the absence of aid. Two
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gram. This involves close collabora
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Box 7.8 Aid coordination Aid coordi
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Figure 8.1 Net position of developi
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Box 8.2 Arab banks and internationa
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default clauses would ensure that a
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Page 135 and 136: Box 8.7 Increasing the flexibility
Page 137 and 138: Box 8.9 World Bank cofinancing The
Page 139 and 140: 9 Direct and portfolio investment T
Page 141 and 142: Box 9.1 Direct foreign investment i
Page 143 and 144: however, there has been a positive
Page 145 and 146: By contrast, some of the newly indu
Page 147 and 148: ecognition of the relevance of this
Page 149 and 150: Table 9.2 Return on investment in e
Page 151 and 152: Part IV Perspectives and Policies f
Page 153 and 154: ently estimated at slightly more th
Page 155 and 156: mies would continue to grow faster
Page 157 and 158: Middle-income countries Major expor
Page 159 and 160: Table 10.6 Net financing flows to d
Page 161 and 162: cies and performance against the me
Page 163 and 164: Table A.3 GDP, 1980, and growth rat
Page 165 and 166: Table A.7 Consumption, savings, and
Page 167 and 168: Table A.9 Change in export prices a
Page 169 and 170: Table A.12 Composition of debt outs
Page 171 and 172: problems in the Latin American coun
Page 173 and 174: Interbank Market: A Descriptive Stu
Page 175: Diversification in the Nineteenth C
Page 179 and 180: Contents Key 168 Introduction 169 M
Page 181: Table 21. Labor force 214 Populatio
Page 185 and 186: that it is a weighted average; the
Page 187 and 188: Life expectancy The map classifies
Page 189 and 190: GNP per capital Life Area Average a
Page 191 and 192: Average annual growth rate (percent
Page 193 and 194: GDP' Distribution of gross domestic
Page 195 and 196: Average annual growth rate (percent
Page 197 and 198: Distribution of gross domestic prod
Page 199 and 200: Value added Food aid Fertilizer con
Page 201 and 202: Distribution of manufacturing value
Page 203 and 204: Energy consumption Average annual e
Page 205 and 206: Merchandise trade Average annual gr
Page 207 and 208: Percentage share of merchandise exp
Page 209 and 210: Percentage share of merchandise imp
Page 211 and 212: Destination of merchandise exports
Page 213 and 214: Destination of manuiactu red export
Page 215 and 216: Receipts Gross international reserv
Page 217 and 218: Public and publicly guaranteed medi
Page 219 and 220: External public debt Interest payme
Page 221 and 222: Average interest Average Average Co
Page 223 and 224: OPEC Amount 1975 1976 1977 1978 197
Page 225 and 226: Average annual growth Hypothetical
Page 227 and 228: Crude Crude Percentage Percentage o
Page 229 and 230: Percentage of population of Pretgof
Page 231 and 232: Urban population Percentage of urba
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Life expectancy at Iniant birth (ye
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Daily calorie supply Population per
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Number Number enrolled in enrolled
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Percentage of total expenditure Hou
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Percentage of total current revenue
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Percentage share of household incom
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appropriateness of the exchange rat
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and electricity, water, and gas. Al
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import unit value index, this indic
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The summary measures in this table
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Data are mainly derived from the Wo
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and other training institutions by
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Bibliography of data sources Nation
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World Devlelopment Report 1985 focu
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